My Teacher, My Hero Essay

When my friends asked me to write again, I decided to start my compilation with something meaningful, a themed essay for the My Teacher, My Hero theme, contrary to last year wherein I had a hard time choosing who to pay tribute to, this year is much different, it was easy and I believe, it is the most obvious choice. Everyone has someone to keep them on their own feet as they walk through life. Normally, it would be your parent or friend, but mine is different, I had kept myself intact with the help of a teacher. Teachers are usually there to impart knowledge and give you an opportunity to move on with life, I was blessed to have someone during my college days who takes time to make sure that I was okay and the strength to hold on to when everything else went astray, he was Engr. Elmerito D. Pineda. I first met Engr. Pineda as my professor back when I was in First Year (Advanced Programming Languages in C) , back then, things were just inside the classroom – lectures, quizzes, exercises which brought my confidence back after losing my scholarship during the previous term but things turned different when I was in my Third Year and he became our thesis mentor. He turned out to be the #1 Supporter to what we have wanted in the first place, the Alumni Tracer for FEU – East Asia College. Despite both parties having to adjust to the situation of having a part-time mentor last year, we both exerted effort to follow-up and communicate with each other. Since I was always doing the documentation portion of most our projects, I was the one responsible for making follow-ups with the mentor, which happened to be Mr. Pineda. I took it as my responsibility to stay late, meet him after classes for checking and even go straight to his FEU Main class just to finish the proposal for our thesis. Unfortunately, our second term was cut short after failing the proposal defense – but when things thought that it was the end of our mentorship with Engr. Pineda, we were wrong. He stayed with us until the very end. He had always made sure that I was okay. He had always made me feel secure especially by showing me how much he believes in the entire group. When we are back for the third term with a different project and mentor, he made sure he would ask us about our thesis and he was one of the few people who first congratulated us after a successful defense – indeed, he showed me that he was true to his words when we started communicating, â€Å"Dito lang ako for you, parang si Ms. Bong (Evelyn Ruth M. Manuel)†. He never left the group, he never left me during the good times and the bad times. Even if he is not physically present, his presence would always be felt wholeheartedly, and in the little ways he does it, I am extremely grateful. As time pass by, I looked up to him as one of the best friends and as my â€Å"dad† in school. I still see him from time to time. He has helped mold my character to be as strong as it is right now. He has his own way of teaching me things, he doesn’t get mad easily when you do something wrong, however, he has his own way to show you that you are wrong and it is proven effective to me, I managed to make amends and never do things again. For all the things he has done for me, all I can do to repay is to be there for him as well. I know I would be supporting him in whatever he would aspire to do in his life. I also look forward to see him finish Doctoral of Information Technology sometime next year for it would add weapons to his already impressive curriculum vitae. I hope he touch more lives and help direct it to a better place, just like how he helped me push my life back on track. My life would never be perfect. I would always experience the roller-coasters of being a human being but I would always remember one thing, that indeed, I was blessed. I was blessed to have people that would guide me. I was blessed to have people who would accept me for who I am. Furthermore, I am blessed to have Engr. Elmerito D. Pineda in my life, whatever you do call him, he would always have a special place in my life, a great mentor, friend and a dad. Engr. Elmerito D. Pineda, hats off†¦ my 2011 would not be complete without having the opportunity to thank you for everything that you have done for me.

Problems in Public Transport

Safe and fast travel is what the commuters expect from our public transport system. It is supposed to be the cheapest and best option. But for the students of Skirts Sanity College and the other neighboring colleges, that is not the case. The number of BOMB buses operating from Henry main road to Katmandu Is found to be highly insufficient during the morning peak hours. The students commuting In this route find It very difficult to reach their college safely in the right time. They are of the opinion that the bus services In the morning are Irregular and lack punctuality.Most of the colleges begin their classes at 9 AM. And every student would obviously want to reach In time. † says Meek, a 1st semester BCC student of Skirts Jaunty College. â€Å"Because there Is very less bus service In the morning, we have no choice but to rush Into heavily crowded buses. This Is very tiring and sometimes dangerous. † The lack of buses and Irregularity In their arrival Increases the nu mber of students walling. They are then left with no choice but to travel boatyard or hanging out of the bus which Is extremely dangerous.There is a high chance of them falling off the bus. Hence, the students experience a very frustrating and perilous journey every morning. â€Å"It is not lust the college students that go through this kind of hardship. People on their way to work and children on their way to school are also part of the crowd. We are all crushed together in the bus. Finding foot space in the bus itself is a tricky task. † says Pungent, a 1st semester BAA student of Skirts Sanity College. â€Å"The actual problem is that all the institutions begin their daily schedule almost at the same time.So there tends to be a need for everyone to reach their destination in time. If there is no adequate amount of buses, they choose to step into the first bus they find and this leads to the crowding up of the bus. † As the public transport is highly unreliable, the students who use the BOMB bus passes are sometimes forced to use the private buses. This leads to unnecessary expenditure of money. Leveraging the lack of frequency of buses, a number of auto-rickshaws at the Henry Junction ferry passengers on a shared basis.They charge the passengers much more than the meter fare. These are the problems that the students have to face every day. National Service Scheme (INS) operating in Skirts Sanity College have found that much of the students of the college use public transportation and that they find It very problematic to commute in the morning. INS has decided to raise this Issue to the respective authorities and strive to find an appropriate solution. -Sashay Balkan, 1st Semester Bagging.Problems in Public Transport By Sashay-Balkan room Henry main road to Katmandu is found to be highly insufficient during the morning peak hours. The students commuting in this route find it very difficult to services in the morning are irregular and lack punc tuality. â€Å"Most of the colleges begin their classes at 9 AM. And every student would obviously want to reach in time. † says Meek, a 1st semester BCC student of Skirts Sanity College. â€Å"Because there is very less bus service in the morning, we have no choice but to rush into heavily crowded buses. This is very tiring and sometimes dangerous.The lack of buses and irregularity in their arrival increases the number of students waiting. They are then left with no choice but to travel boatyard or hanging out of the bus which is students experience a very frustrating and perilous Journey every morning. â€Å"It is not just the college students that go through this kind of hardship. People on their way to much of the students of the college use public transportation and that they find it very problematic to commute in the morning. INS has decided to raise this issue to Balkan, 1st Semester BAA Spend.

Financial Analysis of AB InBev

The Anheuser-Busch InBev Company (AB InBev) was established throughout the years through mergers and acquisitions. AB InBev is the largest brewery in Jupille, Belgium. They operate in North America, Latin America, South America, Europe, and Asia Pacific. Due to political upheavals in Germany and Bohemia in 1848, many German immigrants settled in St. Louis, Missouri (â€Å"Anheuser-Busch,† 2011). Eberhard Anheuser was a trained soap maker and became part owner of the Bavarian Brewery. By 1860, he bought the investors’ shares and the brewery name was changed to E. Anheuser & Co. Adolphus Busch married Lilly Anheuser, Eberhard’s daughter and later Adolphus purchased half ownership of Anheuser’s brewery, becoming a partner (â€Å"Anheuser-Busch,† 2011). Due to Busch’s innovations, the brewery became the first to use pasteurization, allowing the beer to be shipped long distances without spoiling. By the early 1880’s, the brewer introduced a rtificial refrigeration, rail-side icehouses, and refrigerated railcars. These innovations allowed the company to grow and distribute their beer across the country. To market the beers Busch used traditional selling methods; however, Busch’s methods were more organized and deliberate than his competitors. Busch â€Å"pioneered the use of giveaways and premiums, and used his brewery as a showplace for the public to visit† (â€Å"Anheuser-Busch,† 2011). The brewery company was renamed Anheuser-Busch Brewing Association in 1879 to recognize Adolphus’ efforts. The company became one of the nation’s leading breweries in 1901 when it broke the one million barrels of beer sales mark (â€Å"Anheuser-Busch,† 2011). Over the years, the company grew through acquisitions and mergers and became AB InBev. In 1989, a group of investors purchased Brahma, the number two beer in Brazil. In 1999, the brand took over the number one spot and was combined with its chief competitor to form AmBev. AmBev expanded throughout South America and became the third-largest brewer in the world. In 2004, Interbrew, the European beer company, acquired a majority stake in AmBev, which created InBev. In 2008, InBev purchased Anheuser-Busch; resulting in the new company AB InBev (Allen & Zook, 2012). Anheuser-Busch (AB InBev) The publicly traded company (Euronext: ABI) is based in â€Å"Leuven, Belgium with American Depositary Receipts on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE: BUD)† (Anheuser-Busch InBev [AB InBev], 2011) and is not only the leading global brewer, but is one of the world’s top five consumer product companies. AB InBev’s portfolio contains over 200 brands of beer with fourteen brands that generate over $1 billion per year in revenue. The brewer invests in their greatest growth potential brands such as Budweiser with 45% of sales originating in North America. The company owns 50 percent equity interest in Mexico’s leading brewer and owner of the Corona brand, the subsidiary Grupo Modelo. With their approximate 116,000 employees based in twenty-three countries worldwide, AB InBev is geographically diversified, along with a balanced exposure to developing and developed markets, the company has a completive edge. AB InBev is a multinational beverage company and is the largest brewer, with almost 25 percent global market share. They are the third largest FMCG company by firm value (AB InBev, 2011). AB InBev was chosen for a financial analysis due to its longevity and innovated ideas and marketing. It is hoped that AB InBev’s financial records will show that their innovated methods will show a continuous financial growth. The Annual Report For this analysis, AB InBev’s 2011 annual report is used and it compares 2010 and 2011. The audit was performed by Pricewaterhouse Coopers. The report is in millions and AB InBev saw a $2,197m in profit gain from 2010 to 2011 and a $1,114m in cash flow from operating activities before changes in working capital and use of provision. The change in working capital was $1,183m resulting in an increase of $2,581m of cash flow from operating activities. There was a negative increase in the investing and financing activities, $185m and $2,239m respectively. In 2010, AB InBev had a net increase in cash and cash equivalents of $602m and $759m in 2011. Overall, in 2011 AB InBev realized $39 billion revenue (AB InBev, 2011). The Balance Sheet When assessing the financial report, it may be difficult to see positive revenue. In order to understand, one must know how interpret the financial statement as a whole. The balance sheet provides information about AB InBev’s assets, liabilities, and shareholder’s equity. Assets are things that a company can sell or use. These items include physical property, inventory, equipment, etc. Intangibles are also assets – things that cannot be touched, but nevertheless have value, i. e. patents and trademarks, investments the company makes. And of course cash is the main asset. Liabilities are amounts that the company owes to others. These amounts can include a loan secured to launch a new product, rent for use of a factory, or money owed to a supplier, etc. Liabilities also include future obligations, i. e. goods or services promised to be provided in the future. Shareholder equity (or capital or net worth) is the money that would be left if a company sold all of its assets and paid off all their liabilities. Any money left over belongs to the owners (or shareholders) of the company. The balance sheet’s â€Å"equation† is Assets = Liabilities + Shareholders’ equity (Garrison, Noreen, & Brewer, 2010). The balance sheet is set up with the assets listed and tallied on the left side, while liabilities and shareholders’ equity on the right. The assets are usually listed in order of how quickly they can be converted into â€Å"real† cash. Current assets are things that the company plans to convert to cash within one year, i. e. inventory. Noncurrent assets are things that are expected to be converted to cash longer than a year. Noncurrent assets include fixed assets (not available for sale, i. e. office furniture). Liabilities are usually listed according to their due dates. Liabilities are either current or long-term. Current liabilities are debts that the company expects to pay off within a year; on the other hand, long-term liabilities are due in more than a year. Shareholders’ equity (SE) is the amount invested by the owners. SE is calculated by subtracting the company’s earnings or losses from the owner’s investment in the company’s stock (Garrison, Noreen, & Brewer, 2010). In assessing AB InBev’s balance sheet for 2011, the company had $39,046 million in revenues, a 4. 6% increase, and a gross profit of $22,412 million. It is stated in the annual report that a selective price increase was taken in the last quarter in anticipation of higher commodity costs. Cost of Sales (CoS) increased by 1. 6%. This increase was due; according to AB InBev in part to lower aluminum can costs in Latin America and procurement savings and implementation of their best practice programs in North America. The total operating expenses increased by 3. 7%. This was partly due to distribution expenses increasing by 9. 2%. Brazil had higher transportation costs, while Latin America South saw higher labor costs and higher transport tariffs in Ukraine and Russia. Sales and marketing expenses increased by 4. 1% because, specifically in North America, more investments in brand offset savings in non-working money. Administrative expenses increased by 0. % due to fixed cost savings in the United States offset by salary increases and expansion costs in China and Brazil. Other operating income was $694 million compared to $64 million in 2010 mainly because of tax incentives in China and Brazil (AB InBev, 2011). The Income Statement An income statement shows how much revenue a company earned and the costs assoc iated with earning said revenue. The bottom line of an income statement normally shows the company’s net losses or earning. This statement tells how much the company has made or lost over the accounting period, usually for a year or a portion thereof. Income statements reports earnings per share (EPS). (To calculate EPS, the total net income is divided by the number of outstanding shares of the company). An income statement also shows how much shareholders would receive if the company distributed all of the net earnings for the accounting period; however, most companies reinvest their earnings (Garrison, Noreen, & Brewer, 2010). Income statements begin with the total amount of revenue made during an accounting period and then deduct certain costs and operating expenses associated with earning said revenue. The bottom line tells how much the ompany earned or lost during the period. The beginning is the â€Å"gross† revenue (or sales). The next line is the amount the company does not expect to collect (referred to as allowances), i. e. discounts, or returns. After deducting these allowances from the gross revenues (or sales), the result is net revenues. The next lines are operating expenses. Although these expenses can be lis ted in various order, the line after net revenues is usually costs of sales. Costs of sales is the amount the company has spent producing the goods or services sold during the accounting period. Subtracting cost of sales from net revenues gives a subtotal of gross profit (also known as gross margin) (Garrison, Noreen, & Brewer, 2010). The operating expenses are listed next on the income statement. These expenses support a company’s operations, i. e. salaries, marketing, etc. Because operating expenses cannot be linked to the production of products or services being sold, they are different from costs of sales (Garrison, Noreen, & Brewer, 2010). Depreciation is also deducted. Depreciation is the amount of wear and tear on assets (machinery, tools, etc. ) that are used over long term. This amount is spread over the periods they are used and is called depreciation or amortization. After this deduction from the gross profit, the income from operations is arrived. This amount is before interest and income tax expenses (Garrison, Noreen, & Brewer, 2010). The next section allows companies to account for interest income and interest expense. Interest income is earned from interest-bearing savings accounts, money market funds, etc. Interest expenses are monies paid in interest on loans, etc. Some companies show these separately and some combine the two. The income and expenses are totaled and then deducted from the operating profit to arrive at operating profit before income tax (EBIT). Finally, income tax is subtracted and the bottom line of net profit or net loss (also known as net income, net earnings, or net operating income) is calculated (Garrison, Noreen, & Brewer, 2010). On AB InBev’s income statement, sales are the same as on the balance sheet. (AB InBev, 2011). In North America, EBITDA increased 1. 5%, $6. 573 million with a margin expansion increase up to 42. 9%, driven by growth in overhead cost reductions and gross profit. In the combined statement (the gathering of all AB InBev’s companies), the EBIT for 2011 is $12,607 million and an EBITDA of $15,357 million (AB InBev, 2011). Cash Flow Statements While a balance sheet is a snapshot and the income statement shows if the company made a profit or lost money, a cash flow statement shows if the company generated cash. Cash flow statements shows the inflow and outflows of the company’s cash. This statement is very important because it proves that the company has enough money to pay expenses, purchase assets, and stay competitively profitable. Whereas other financial statements shows an absolute dollar amount at a particular time, a cash flow statement show changes during the accounting period. The cash flow statement uses the information from both balance sheet and income statement. Cash flow statements are divided into three major sections: operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities. (Garrison, Noreen, & Brewer, 2010). AB InBev’s financial report consolidates the activities, followed by a breakdown of the activities including explanations. Operating activities rose from $9,905million to $12,486 million; investing activities increased from a negative $2,546m in 2010 to negative $2,731m in 2011; and financing activities rose from $6,757m to $8,996m in 2011. However, the net increase in cash and cash equivalents increased from $602m to $759m (AB InBev, 2011). Operating activities. The first section of a cash flow statement analyzes inflow from net income or loses. This section usually reconciles the net income (taken from the income statement) to the actual cash the company received from and used in its operating activities. This process adjusts net income for any non-cash items, i. e. adding depreciation expenses back, and for any cash that was a source or a use provided by other operating assets and liabilities (Garrison, Noreen, & Brewer, 2010). AB InBev’s financial report of cash flows shows an increase in operating activities. This increase is due to a higher profit and strong contribution from changes in the working capital. The increase in working capital is the result of on-going trade initiatives; furthermore, there is an increase in trade payables that are linked to higher capital expenditures. These expenditures have longer payment terms (AB InBev, 2011). Investing activities. Investing activities shows the inflow from all investing activities. These activities usually include purchases or sales of long-term assets, i. e. property, plant, and equipment (PPE) as well as investment securities. If a company buys machinery, this activity would be listed as a cash outflow because cash was used. However, if the company sold some investments from their portfolio the proceeds would be an inflow from investing activities because it is a source of cash (Garrison, Noreen, & Brewer, 2010). AB InBev’s investing activities were $2,731m in 2011, compared to 2010 which was $2,546m. This increase is by higher capital expenditures mainly in Brazil and China. To partially offset this increase, the company sold short-term debt securities. The company invested in 2010 to facilitate liquidity and capital preservation in Brazil. Net capital expenditures were $3,256m in 2011 and $2,123 in 2010. This increase is primarily linked to investments for expansion in China and Brazil in order to meet demands in the growing market. Approximately 57% was used to improve production facilities while 33% was used for logistics and commercial investments. Ten percent was used for purchase of hardware and software and improving administration (AB InBev, 2011). Financing activities. The last section is financing activities. This part of the cash flow statement shows the typical sources of inflow, including cash raised by selling stocks or bonds and borrowing funds from a bank (Garrison, Noreen, & Brewer, 2010). Cash inflow from financing activities was $8,996m in 2011, compared to 2010’s $6,757m. The 2011 amount reflects higher dividend payouts, net repayments, and settlements of derivatives that were not part of a hedge. AB InBev could borrow enough to meet its liquidity needs; the company’s policy is to rely on cash flows from operating activities to fund its continuing operations (AB InBev, 2011). Analysis of AB InBev’s Financials According to the 2011 annual report, Anheuser-Busch InBev saw a year of solid performance and progress. AB InBev experienced growth, expanded their EBITDA margin, grew EPS, and made strides in de-leveraging the balance sheet. AB InBev experienced a strong growth from their three well-known global brands: Budweiser, Stella Artois, and Beck’s. These brands were up by 3. 1%. Stella Artois volumes increased by 5. 9%, with a 24% surge in sales in the United States, 13% in Argentina, and 200% in Brazil. The company continues to expand and grow in China and Brazil. The company raised its dividends to 1. 20 euros per share, a 50 % increase. â€Å"These results were achieved despite weak consumer confidence in several markets and increases in commodity prices. Faced with adverse conditions, our people did what they do best. They took ownership of the situation, focused on what they can impact, and did not let short-term factors distract from our long-term goals of connecting with consumers, driving shareholder value, and working toward our dream: to be the Best Beer Company in a Better World† (AB InBev, 2011). The United States shows signs of an economic recovery. An increase in US profits are supported by the company's new NFL sponsorship. Felipe Dutra, AB InBev’s CFO said the increase could also â€Å"have something to do with the unseasonably mild weather† (AB InBev, 2011). The newly launched Bud Light Lime and Bud Light Platinum performed well. Dutra said â€Å"We believe we have the right brands to exploit that opportunity,† before, during and after the Olympic games. Budweiser has also extended sponsorship of the soccer World Cup through 2018. AB InBev will continue to rely heavily on their strategic brands (AB InBev, 2011). Conclusion A fundamental part of their culture is never being entirely satisfied with their results: â€Å"we always challenge ourselves to dream bigger and achieve more. . . † (AB InBev, 2011). With continued global growth and expansion and early payoffs of debt, AB InBev will continue to see profits. The company’s innovated thinking will carry it into the millennium.ReferencesAllen, J., & Zook, C. (2012, May 4). The strategic principles of repeatability: How nonnegotiable fuel growth. How can a company sustain profitable growth? [brief]. Retrieved fromhttp://www.bain.com/publications/articles/the-strategic-preincipels-of-repeatability.aspx Anheuser-Busch: Dedication to our craft . (2011). http://anheuser-busch.com/index.php/our-heritage/history/ Anheuser-Busch InBev. (2011). ABInBev Annual Report 2011 [Annual report]. Brouwerijplein, Leuven: AB InBev. Garrison, R. H., Noreen, E. W., & Brewer, P. C. (2010). Managerial Accounting (13th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Math problems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Math problems - Essay Example ii) -1.89 lie in IR region. 1c)Because its closer to the nucleus and having some effect on the other electron present in the higher shell Q2 a) Power output of sun = 3.8 *1026W Radius = 1.4 * 108 Power density = ? V= 4/3 ?r3 V= 4/3 ? (1.4*108)3 =1.15*1025 Power density: Power/volume = 3.8*1026/1.15*1025 1ev= 1.6*10-19J Total energy released for He nucleus is 26.7 Mev 26.7*106*1.6*10-19 4.27*10-12 energy is released for 1 he atom =>3.8*1026 J produce 3.8*1026/4.27*10-12 *1/(4*?*(1.4*108)3/3) Helium atoms per second per cubic meter (here assume time =1sec therefore energy =3.8 *1026W *1sec 7.74*1012 Helium atoms per second per cubic meter 2b) In He both the nucleons are there means protons and neutron,2 protons and 1 neutron is there. In first equation there are less number of nucleons involve so there nuclear force will be less and thus it will be more reactive there fore they are less stable while on the other hand when the nucleons are more in number as it is in step 2 therefore the re will be strong nuclear force, will be less reactive and more stable. 2c) When the fusion reaction occurs so at that time two atoms combine and produce larger atom and release high energy in the form of binding energy of nucleons. As this process continues till the formation of iron Fe 56,so at that time binding energy of electron is minimum that is most negative and now if the more heavier atom is required to be formed so more energy will release Q3 a i) Data: Redshift = z = 0.13 Speed of light =c= 3 * 108 ms-1 Hubble constant = H0 = 70 kms-1Mpc-1 Distance to the galaxy = r=? Formula: 1. H0 = v / r Here v = apparent speed of galaxy 2. v = z * c Solution: v = z * c =0.13 * 3 * 108 v = 3.9 * 107 ms-1 v = 3.9*107*10-3kms-1 v = 3.9*104 kms-1 H0 = v / r r= v / H0 r = 3.9*104 /70 r = 5.57*102 Mpc Q3 a ii) Data Red shift =z = 0.13 ?0=589nm ?1=? Formula =?1-?0 z=/?0 Solution z= /?0 0.13= /589 =76.57nm ?1-?0 =76.57 ?1 =76.57+589 ?1=665.57nm ?1=6.65*102 nm Q3 b i) As the wavelength of hypo thetical object is different as compare to the wavelength of the objects which are already present in the cluster and this wavelength is very large which causes this hypothetical object to move out of the galaxy that’s why that this object is not part of this cluster, and is actually more distant. Q3 b ii) The answer is not in the book. Or no relative material is in the book kindly search yourself Q#4 General relativity and quantum gravity depart from Newton’s theory. The gravitational force of attraction is described by Newton’s law of gravity. Einstein’s theory of general relativity describes the interaction between space and the matter within it. When the masses become very large, this theory provides a more accurate description of gravity than does Newton’s law. General relativity also predicts the existence of gravitational radiation, which is emitted by massive objects that undergo an acceleration. There is good evidence that such radiation i s being generated by binary pulsars. A convincing theory of quantum gravity has yet to be formulated, but it will involve quanta referred to as gravitons which interact with everything. Einstein’s theory of general relativity reproduced all the old results of Newton, but without even using the idea of weight. The core of general relativity is the interaction between ‘space’

Critical Case Comment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Critical Case Comment - Essay Example apportionment of the proceeds of the will of William York, an old man who bequeathed this estate to his nephew at a price that was ridiculously low when compared to the market value of the property. The question that arises in the disposition that was made in this case relates to the law of unconscionability and whether the judgment reflects the appropriate application of this law to derive results that provide for the promotion of efficient market outcomes. Since the Plaintiffs in this case were the daughters of the deceased man while the primary beneficiary was a nephew upon whom the deceased may have been unconsciously dependent, an additional question that arises is whether this dependence produced a property distribution that was inequitable to the daughters when viewed from a feminist perspective. Bill York was a grazier who had lived in Wallumbia all his life. He had four daughters, all married and living off the estate, which he operated, with the help of his brother Sam and his nephew Neil York. In 1985, Bill York drew up his will in which he gave his house, his car and money in the bank to his wife while the estate was to be divided among his daughters, subject to an important qualification – he gave his nephew Neil York, the option to purchase the entire holding for the sum of $200,000.1 Subsequent to this, in 1988, Neil York arranged for the sale of a piece of land known as Injune, which he had acquired with advances from the Mt Leigh pastoral Company that owned holdings possessed jointly held by Bill, Sam and Neil, for the sum of $150,000. He offered to buy some portions of Bill’s property for that sum of $150,000, while retaining his option on the balance of land that remained with Bill. In 1988, the transfers were arranged accordingly. The land that was transferred was owned partially by Bill alone (the territory known as Wonga Park partly by Bill and Sam (the territory known as Wonga park fee simple) and that owned by Neil and Bill (Risby

EMF and Internal Resistance Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

EMF and Internal Resistance - Lab Report Example This paper describes electric current as the manner in which the electric charge flow in a circuit in order to transfer energy portions to regions of resistance like resistors, buzzers, or bulbs) in the circuit. The circuit gets the energy at the start of the circuit where dry cells are producing electrical energy from chemical energy. The batteries available in today’s markets are mostly constructed from materials that possess negligibly small internal resistance. Real batteries do not only provide voltage to the circuit but they also offer some internal resistance. Any device that produces the voltage purely is called an electromotive force (E.M.F.) Which battery is the total energy that is changed electrical energy during the passage of a unit charge through the production point? It forms a voltage and reflects the total amount of energy supplied through the circuit. The terminal voltage a battery produces at a point without the flow of current is the EMF. The units for mea suring EMF is volts. All batteries/cells lose energy as heat when they are dissipating current because of the presence of their internal resistance. The voltmeter is used in the circuit to get the emf values. The addition of a resistor in the circuit drops the reading on the voltmeter voltage, v. Meanwhile, voltage does not experience full transfer in the circuit but a portion of it is wasted due to the presence of internal resistance within the battery. The dry cell only possesses internal resistance which converts the energy present into heat. The dry cells EMF together with its internal resistance can alternatively be calculated by other methods. A plot of terminal voltage versus current can help achieve the above. V varies inversely with changes in I to produce a straight line graph. The line equation of y=mx+c, is applicable to the formula of electromotive force, E= Ir.

Coaching and mentoring for leadership and Management; Evaluative Essay

Coaching and mentoring for leadership and Management; Evaluative report - The role of coaching and mentoring in organisational development and knowledge management - Essay Example ing those individual who tend to be more experienced in a particular field along with relatively less knowledgeable individuals who do not have much knowledge in the similar field (National College for School Leadership, 2010). The main task of a manager is to get results through people as well as other resources. Since most of the industries are becoming more reliant upon knowledge as well as service, people as well as their skill and performance are a top managerial concern. Companies possess greater interest in the capabilities of their employees that they endeavour to develop by means of formal and on-the-job training and progressive job assignments. They further expect managers as well as supervisors to develop employee capacity by means of coaching and mentoring. The main objective of the report is to identify whether or not the adoption of coaching and mentoring system can be utilised in order to train the staffs required to occupy the highly skilled positions that organisations might find it increasingly difficult to fill in the near future. The report will further attempt at offering numerous definitions regarding what coaching and mentoring are and how they must be utilised as part of the organisations knowledge management system. The costs as well as benefits associated to the organisation in introducing such systems will also be highlighted. Furthermore, the report’s objective will be to outline how organisations can deliver high quality coaching and mentoring to the employees and the key performance indicators that organisations can utilise to judge the ongoing success of such a system. Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) views mentoring as a development of abilities as well as potentials in the role to be played by an individual rather than developing their performance and skills. It can be comprehended as specific learning along with development interference that can be utilised in a wide way however in a specific situation

Technology Strategies. Kudler Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Technology Strategies. Kudler Company - Essay Example The aspect of selection and implementation of relevant changes in technological advancements for the improvement of the company needs expert opinions as it would flop if it were to be done without following the due process as stipulated in rules and guidelines that provide the guidance on the way forward. In light of this fears, an approach is proposed that will be good in a contingent way as well as in a way that accommodates a socio-technical approach (Floyd, 2010). One of the mostly applied strategies includes the Initial Public Offering. This is also referred to as the IPO. This strategy is often resorted to by new companies that are out to facilitate the expansion of their operations. The IPO serves such crucial functions that are elementary and of significant importance to the company. It occurs when the firm offers common shares openly to the public. There can always be possibility to raise capitals through commissions of exchanges that are registered to undertake the public offering. When the company takes this step, it must be ready to face an obvious amount of public scrutiny. The company however faces increased responsibility that are accompanied by opportunities to strengthen the relations between the firm owners and the major stakeholders that make the wheels of change turn and move forward. (Floyd, 2010) One such company that practices IPO is the Kudler Fine Foods. The company has made immense growth on the competitive field of busin ess. The company tends to issue preferred securities or common stocks and that in the long run create essential growth of capital and its acceleration. Kudler Company can achieve accelerated growth through hiring of new personnel, expanding development and the forms of research that are involved. The major effect of this strategy is to enable the company penetrate into global investment base to facilitate large investment of capital. Kudler Fine Foods is now required to keep the stakeholders up to date on the management strategies of the company as well as the business operations and legal obligations as they arise. Working under public examination works well to keep the company on toes. (Paul, 2007) The second strategy that a firm can opt for in bringing in a new perspective of seeing things is that of acquisition. Through acquisition, a company acquires on or more of the companies that work within the same market. Acquisitions often get done with the main aim of growing and expand ing the firm. One such firm that practices such form of strategy is the BOC gases. They have acquired other smaller manufacturers of gases and put them under the same umbrella. (Lawson, 2006) Acquisition can happen in two possible ways. One way is that of mutual understanding whereby the companies agree to join hands or to be acquired. The other form is that of forceful takeover which can mostly just be done by companies that are publically traded. When the latter happens, more than 50 % of the acquired company is taken under control by the big company that forcefully takes over. However it looks more than obvious that the situation for BOC gases. The other smaller firms that are under the umbrella were mostly acquired in a willing seller and willing buyer basis whereby the small firms opted for this option as they may have noticed their profits going down. The companies’ desire for growth can now be achieved from a comfortable position whereby they are secure. This form of s trategy also enables the bigger company to venture into new geographic locations and to expand their base for doing business hence increasing opportunities. (Floyd, 2010) The third strategy that a firm can apply in the growth and expansion is that of merger.

Summarize in a 500 word paper the Kubler-Ross model of the grieving Assignment

Summarize in a 500 word paper the Kubler-Ross model of the grieving process - Assignment Example The anger is towards â€Å"the loss and the unfairness of it† (Patricelli, n.d.). Anger can be directed at the family, friends, doctors, to God and even to the person who died (Kessler, n.d.). It is important to note that underneath the anger is the pain, the pain of being abandoned (Kessler, n.d.). Bargaining is the third stage of the grieving process. This is the stage which is replete of the â€Å"If only†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or the â€Å"What if†¦Ã¢â‚¬  statements (Kessler, n.d.). Another emotion which one finds in this stage is guilt. A person sometimes blames himself for not doing something to prevent the loss. This is the stage where a person would try to promise to do something just to reverse the loss. If it is a matter of life or death, bargaining does not offer a solution (Chapman, n.d.). The fourth stage of the grief cycle is the depression stage. At this stage the person feels sad, regretful, fearful and uncertain (Chapman, n.d.). Individuals undergoing this stage cry, suffer sleeping disorders, experience a change in eating habits and withdraw from their usual activities such as socializing with friends (Patricelli, n.d.). Depression is one of the important steps towards the healing process. The fifth stage of the grieving cycle is the acceptance stage. This is the stage where one realizes that the loss is real and permanent and that nothing can bring back the loved one. Another realization at this stage is that life goes on even without the lost loved one. Learning to live without the loved one and starting a life again is part of the acceptance. It is at this stage where one experiences a sense of peace with what happened. The grief model developed by Kubler should not be misinterpreted as a process whereby one has to go through the first stage to reach the last stage. The different stages can be experienced at the same time and may recur at anytime

Driving to Colma Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Driving to Colma - Assignment Example On the same point, when the father was seek it is recommended for him to call his friends to see how is feeling concerning the sickness. This is depicted when he calls Jim a friend. On top of that, the invited Japanese come with food. The narrator and the father have a strong relationship when it comes to driving. The father is always dictating the narrator on how to drive and show her directions like a little child. It pisses of the narrator making her to hate the instructions she receives from the father. On top of that the father is very concerning with the welfare of the daughter and he always likes to be driven by the narrator. The two are close friend and a father and daughter respectively. They narrator has the bond of love to her father just like the father to daughter relationship. The narrator loves the car of her father and she always loves driving her to important places like hospital. With the partying gift, the father loves his daughter till he buys her (the narrator) a present. The narrator always loves a quiet life and she does not need anyone to dictate her. She always never liked her father to dictate her and show her directions that are unnecessary. She also loves her father by the fact that she massages her using fists. Each and every time the father gets sick, she always gets worried. All this is proved from the drive where the narrator loves to hold the keys and take her father to a drive. On the other side, the father cares the life of his daughter. She takes her daughter oversees to study and always wants her to be close to him. By allowing her to be driving him, it is a sign of a father daughter love.

Advertising and promotion strategy Essay Example for Free

Advertising and promotion strategy Essay Since the inception of the company’s first outlet in Cleveland, Mississippi in the year 1987, Back Yard Burgers depended mostly on the word of mouth publicity to spread awareness and promote its home cooked burgers. New outlets that opened in the subsequent years expanded not only the company’s consumer base and revenue but also stressed the need for aggressive marketing strategy to sustain the increased cost of operations. Back Yard Burgers started advertising on the television in the year 1993. The initial advertising campaigns were titled â€Å"the great burger wars† that took a punch at the competitors. In June 1994 the company launched a series of campaigns that featured Dennis R. Phillipi, a popular comedian in Memphis who soon became famous as Dennis the â€Å"Back Yard Burgers Guy†. The commercials projected the burgers as bigger, tastier, and healthier than those offered by the competitors due to its grilled cooking method that melted most of the fat. The advertising campaigns were effective in increasing sales and raising the revenue by 10 to 15%. Launch of new products and subsequent commercials on the television featuring Dennis Phillipi was an effective strategy. The company used the audio of these commercials in radio advertising that was cheaper. In addition the company also used direct mail advertising. The company collects 1% of taxable sales from each franchisee and company-operated restaurants that goes to the national advertising fund. 50% of this fund is utilized for marketing promos through various channels like radio, television, and print media. The rest 50% is used for market research, new product testing, and development, improvising on the operational front. The company’s marketing director monitors product launch and new restaurant opening promotions and marketing managers with a well-trained staff. The management works in collaboration with the franchisees towards advertising and promotion of its restaurants. The advertising fee earned by the company increased from $314,000 in July 1, 2006 period to $318,000 in June 30, 2007 period. The $4000 increase over the earlier period is accounted to the 1% of sales that goes to the national advertising fund as per company policies. The company also recorded an increase in the advertising expense from $668,000 in the July 1, 2006 to $814,000 in June 30, 2007 that attributes to approximately 5% of the net restaurant sales on advertising in the past year. (see annexure for the comparative income statements). The company has been stressing on the advertising and promotion strategy but it has not been very effective. There are some important points that can be highlighted in this respect. †¢ The company has not been able to create brand loyalty and brand awareness in spite of good quality products and effective marketing strategy. This could be attributed to low brand visibility. This can be remedied with aggressive market campaigns that aim at the younger generation since this is the biggest consumer segment for the fast food industry. Strategies that aim for deeper market penetration, fun logo that people can relate to enjoyable food and moments are essential for brand positioning. â€Å"Fun logo† is a concept that the consumers can equate with good times. The simple logo of McDonald’s is easily identifiable and children and youngsters can spot it from a distance – this is one of the best examples of effective brand positioning. †¢ The other concept that the Back Yard Burgers can adopt is the use of bright color-coding for their outlets and the signboards. A bright color scheme attracts the younger generation and gives it an inviting look. The uniformity in look and feel of the franchisee restaurants and the other company-operated restaurant is essential to make an easily identifiable picture in the consumer minds. †¢ In running a successful brand promotion campaign the essential point is to identify the consumer segment. Who are the consumers and the target focus group for this chain of restaurants? The children and adolescents who form a major chunk of the consumer group typically favour the fast food industry. The working people segment is another segment that will stop by for fast and filling food in their office hours. Fast service food is ideal meal for this segment. Campaigns attracting these two segments will create brand awareness and spell higher revenues for the company. †¢ Last but not the least the quality of food and service efficiency is the crux of the fast food industry. A good and satisfying meal will have the consumers returning for more. The satisfied and happy customer will not only promote brand loyalty but will have high recommendations regarding the food and service to their friends and families. This is the greatest form of publicity that a fast food outlet can expect.

Math in Early Childhood Article Review Essay Example for Free

Math in Early Childhood Article Review Essay The purpose of this article was to explain the use and importance of programs such as the, â€Å"What’s the Big Idea† program instituted at the Bennington Library in Vermont. The â€Å"What’s the Big Idea† program aims to provide librarians with techniques and tools for introducing preschool and kindergarten students to science and math through literature. Picture books and stories are used a lot because stores are great conveyors to memorable messages about since and math. It also gives children the tools they need to be able to look at books and seek out math and science concepts and connections within the text. The program focuses on child directed and hands on explorations rather that adult directed instruction allowing the children to gain personal acts of discovery through play. â€Å"What’s the Big Idea† focuses on four main math and science concepts; numbers and operations, patterns and relationships, changes over time, and geometry and special sense. For each topic there are activities, projects, and books that correspond with the chosen topic. There are different activity centers that are also set up. Some are set up for large group and small group and some are set up for independent exploration. They offer things such as interactive graphs, geoboards, jars with small objects for sorting, blocks, and other manipulatives. Something new that I learned was that I didn’t know that libraries offered programs like that. I knew that had reading groups and programs but I didn’t realizes that there were also libraries that offered programs to also promote math and science concepts as well. I like how they use books first to gain an idea and then tie it into math and science by exploring the concepts in the story a little further to better their understanding not only of the story but of the math and/or science behind it. A way that I can see this information being useful in the future is to have programs like this available to all libraries nationwide. In the article it said that it started out in Vermont and spread to libraries in New York, Delaware, and Texas. With children having access to programs like this from the preschool level they will then enter kindergarten with a greater knowledge base and with deeper understanding of the math and science concepts that they will need for the rest of their lives.

Ac Power Logger Using Mcp39009 Engineering Essay

Ac Power Logger Using Mcp39009 Engineering Essay In this project we are going to record power consumption using MCP3909 by using AVR 5A microcontroller. This MCP 3909 is an energy metering IC with SPI interface and active power pulse output. Where the MCP3909 used in two different phases that can be operated at a time like 1.Output through active pulse power and 2. Waveform obtained as output through SPI interface. For the output real pulse power, the device gives frequency output proportional to instantaneous power. For the waveform output, it gathers data from the current and voltage channel and both are 16 bit second order delta sigma ADC . Through out this project time I learnt to do coding in C programming to get pulse output that shows the consumption of power. This program is developed to use with microcontroller Easy AVR 5A type of AT Mega 16. This program is executed by using AVR Studio by running it through AVR Flash and the output pulse wave form is gathered at AT Mega 16 board and we can check using oscilloscope. Here to have connection between AVR board AT Mega 16 and CPU we use USB which acts like supply and we use USART to transfer data between each other. As in my project I have MCP3909 as separate board I should give correct connection between MCP 3909 and AT Mega 16 correct supply connections. As I am doing project in embedded microcontroller with C programming and output I get is pulse waveform so for better performance and other reasons I took Easy AVR AT Mega 16 development board with 8 KHz frequency. My project is AC power logger using MCP3909 where MCP 3909 is an energy metering IC with SPI interface and active power pulse output. Where the MCP3909 used in two different methods where they can be operated at a time like 1.Output pulse power and 2. Waveform we get as output through SPI interface. For the active real power pulse output, the device gives output frequency which is proportional to instantaneous power. For the waveform output, it gathers data from the current and voltage channel and both are 16 bit second order delta sigma ADC which over samples input signal at frequency equal to MCLK/4 and allows large range of input signals. For channel 0, the increase in the current at channel 0 is done through programmable gain amplifier increase.. As I get pulse count at output when we use oscilloscope to get exact count and good performance I use Easy AVR 5A AT Mega 16 microcontroller. This AT Mega 16 microcontroller allows assembly language and C language programming but I did coding for counting the power consumption using MCP3909 in C language. In this first I gave USB and USART connection between CPU and AT Mega 16 board, here I gave MCP3909 connection with AT Mega 16 and gave current and voltage channel input to MC3909 and I get pulse output this is with out SPI pin not in use but still they should be connected. But for SPI connection program I will give voltage and current with 50hz frequency and take output voltage and current values from the hyper terminal connection and calculate the output values. In this whole project time I began to understand the SPI and USART connection to write program in C language and also understood how the MCP3909 works . The energy meter is a device which is used for electrical measuring, it is used to record electrical energy consumed in specific period of time in terms units Every house, small factory, business establishments, shops, offices etc need at minimum one energy meter to register power consumption. The one who supplies electricity raises bills based on readings shown in energy meter. The one who produces electricity sale the electricity to the electricity boards and board will sale this to costumer. So the data generated by the energy meter is the base to raise bill by the power supplier. This energy meter products are available in single and three phases at different current ratings as per customer requirements. This energy meters are basically electrical and mechanical components. The design of energy meter depends upon which rating of voltage and current meter has to work. In this project the energy metering IC that we take is MCP3909 which is used for supporting IEC 62053 which is standard international meter. It gets the output frequency which is proportional to real power as input so as to access the ADC channel and output of multiplier data. The delta sigma which is 16bit ADC is used to allow large range of currents using the design. The exact or appropriate energy IC is available in the industry which is highly reliable and which has 24-lead SSOP output pin. In this functional as we can see it shows ch0 and ch1 channels where these are inputs and given from the current and voltage transformers .The gains g0 and g1 are also given as input and the dual functionality pin is connected for SPI connections and also for f0, f1,f2. The outputs we take from the active power DTF conversion as HFout and other outputs Fout0 and Fout1 are obtained from stepper motor output drive for active power. The above one is the general block diagram of MCP3909, but the diagram that I use here shows the diagram with the connections , this shows how the MCP 3909 is internally connected to oscillators ,jumpers and for the output using its 24pins. It shows that for the jumper j7 it connects internally to fout 0/1, hfout. For the jumper j2 it shows the connections to spi communications connected and the jumper j6 to ch0 and ch1 channels. The digital voltage acts as digital circurity in MCP3909 where it is the one where we get digital power supply. This pin requires appropriate by pass capacitors and should be maintained to 5V. In both the input channel levels this pin acts as HPF and where it controls the flow of signals. The logic 1 will activate both the filters for removing the DC offset from the system and this logic 0 will disable both the filters so due to this they allow DC voltage. This is analog circuit pin which is used to give analog power supply with in MCP 3909 an this pin requires exact bypass capacitor which gives ramp signal with rising and falling edges and it must be maintained at 5V. This pins are used for current measurements and where they initially take analog voltage as input and convert to current and this will have PGA for small input signal. The linear and the region where it characteristics of this channel are dependent on PGA gain. It relates to maximum voltage of 470Mv/G and the voltage range changes from 1 to 6 V with respect to Agnd. . This pins are used for voltage measurement and this pins initially take difference analog voltage input. The linear and specific behaviour of this voltage channel is maximum at 660mV with absolute voltage 1V Here for the internal 2.4V reference the output is the reference in/out and with temperature coefficient of 15ppm/c. Here by applying the voltage to this pin from the specified range we can use external reference and these reference in/out pin uses bypass capacitor to AGND even when using internal reference.. This is the analog ground where all the ADC,PGA,POR and band gap reference are connected to ground and this is analog circuit. To have noise signal to be cancelled this pin should be connected to same ground as Dgnd with star connection. This is the normal ground connection where SINC filters, multipliers, HPF, LPF, digital to frequency convertor and oscillator; this is used as internal circuit connection. To have accurate and noise to be cancelled this digital ground should be grounded same as analog ground with star connection. The output pins that are connected to MCP3909 are frequency outputs that give us real power and the signal that we get when connected to oscilloscope is pulse where this pulse period is directly proportional to power and Fc constant. This pins helps us to activate the electro mechanical counters and also two phase stepper motor. The high frequency output supplies instantaneous real power information and out put is periodic pulse and where it is directly proportional to measured l power and HFC constant obtained by F0,F1,F2 logic gates and the output that obtained is the fastest output frequency. These oscillators will provide sine waveform with clock source and these oscillators are mainly used to give clock signal for master in the device. The clock frequency is given as 3.57MHz and this clock frequency value should range from 1to 4 MHz with out any error. In this to convert the signal from digital domain which has wide dynamic range we use PGA to do this function which is common thing done in wireless communication. To load normally input signal from analog to digital we need to increase the amplitude so to do this we use PGA. High resolution sigma to delta ADCs all have Programmable Gain Amplifier at input to the sigma to delta modulator is given as shown below The PGA on the ADs chip offer eight input ranges to ADC with 2.5 voltage reference, the eight reference voltages are 2.56V,1.28V,640mv,160mv,40mv.if reference voltage is doubled to 5v then full scale input for each range is halved. So the actual signal range for any PGA settings are given as, VREF*1.024/2(7-RN) where RN value is 111 when ref voltage is 2.5v The main use of PGA is that the noise in terms of micro voltage decreases when the gain increased. In effect the input signal is gained up but the noise is not gained up, so there is an improvement in signal to noise ratio. The pins reference sampling rate is given at 524 khz and capacitor value is fixed so there is no variation in reference current and any gain error that has due to resistance on reference input is also fixed. If reference current changes on sigma to delta the gain error that occurs also varies and the benefit of using ADC will be lost. The PGA for the ADC offers benefits of high resolution and low noise at high gain , but without the disadvantages of requiring regular calibration every time the range is changed. A buffered input and new reference sampling scheme avoid many of the problems associated with previous multirange ADC. All the delta sigma ADCs , registers, filters, multipliers are controlled by reset of master clear and this pin is also used to change their serial interface and behaviour or functionality. The logic 0 controls the ADC and registers in reset condition. The only one that uses power during master clear is oscillator. The microcontroller manufactures produce other design products so that they are related to their own design and in this we require another output pin. This condition or situation is correct for small design products where they have eight pins are fewer than that. This microcontroller has two output pins, one input pin , RAM flash and ADC module .For programming the microcontroller mode you need MCLR and supply pins(VCC and GND). To run or make the coding active we need mainly power supply and MCLR,microcontroller must see the difference between normal and program mode. Here the MCLR takes 12V to enter program mode and it takes external reset or input pin to enter into normal mode. The microcontroller design uses one pin for analog input and has other three outputs and it also requires an additional output, so for this reason the circuit uses MCLR pin as output. To make MCLR pin to act as output the microcontroller uses weak pull-ups. Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC) is the process of sampling continuous analog signal and converting the signal into quantitized representation of signal in digital domain and all the ADC architectures will convert analog signal into digital representation. The conventional ADC process takes input signal x(t) into sequence of digital codes x(n) at sampling rate fs=1/t, where T represents sampling interval this sampling function is equivalent to modulating input signal by set of carrier signals with frequencies 0,fs,2fs †¦. The sample signal is expressed as summation of original signal component and frequency, here the frequency modulated by integer multiple of sampling frequency. The signal component at frequency in input signal cannot be properly sampled and such signals get folded in base band signal creating in this non-linear is referred to as aliasing . Anti-aliasing filters are therefore required to prevent aliasing. Many A/D converters have successive or continuous approximation register and flash converters operate at nyquist rate fn. These converters sample analog signal at sample frequency equal to twice maximum frequency of input signal. Sigma Delta AD converters do not digitize the incoming analog signal into digital sample of n-bit precision at nyquist rate, sigma delta ADC samples the analog signal by an sample ratio N resulting Fn One of the advantages of sigma-delta ADC over nyquist ADC is the relaxation of the requirements for the anti aliasing filter. The requirement of anti-aliasing filter for nyquist rate ADC require sharp pass band (fs) to stop band (fn) The sigma delta ADC contains simple analog circuits like voltage reference, comparator, integrator,summing circuit and switch and in this the digital circuit consists of digital signal processing which acts as filter. Now consider technique of oversampling in frequency domain when converting to dc signal it has quantization error up to  ½ LSB and this sampled data has quantization noise. If ADC is less than perfect or exact value its noise is greater than quantization noise so due to this its resolution will be small than n bits and its actual resolution is given by The sampling rate is chosen as Kfs then quantization noise is q/sqrt12 due to this noise will spread at bandwidth dc to Kfs/2 , So to reduce noise we use digital low pass filter at output with out disturbing the wanted signal. K is referred as sampling ratio and this sampling relaxes requirement on the analog antialiasing filter. Here the data rate is less than the sampling rate and to satisfy nyquist criteria and this is done by using low pass filter to reduce the bandwidth, this process can be done by giving Mth result to output with neglecting the remainder and this process is known as decimation by factor M. This M can have any value such that output data rate is greater than twice the bandwidth. If we use oversampling to improve resolution then the oversampling must be factor of 22N to get N bit resolution increase, the sigma delta converters does not require any large oversampling because it limits to pass band signal and shapes the quantization noise to fall outside the pass band as shown in figure. Here we have 1-bit comparator (ADC) when we use it integrator output, then sum the input voltage with output of 1-bit DAC which we get from ADC output.. The digital low pass filter and decimator at digital output are added to get sigma delta ADC and after this signal is given to modulator where it modifies quantization noise by making it to lie above pass band filter ,so due to this the ENOB is larger than the expected sampling ratio. The sigma delta ADC operation is like the input given as Vin which is dc and the integrator consistently move up and down at node A and here output of comparator is given to 1-bit DAC and summing point at node B. This negative feedback value will force the average dc voltage at node B to be equal to Vin. The output voltage from the DAC is controlled in the 1-bit data stream of the comparator output. After that when the input signal rises at Vref, the number of ones at the serial bit stream also increase and due to this there is decrease in zeroes and in the same way as the signal of Vref goes negative the serial bit stream at one decrease and at zero it increases. Here it shows that average value at voltage as input is in serial bit stream which comes from comparator and decimator and filter allow stream and give output. The data from the 1-bit ADC is not worth full when the given input value is single sample interval, so when we have more number of samples that are averaged will provide correct value. The sigma delta can not give detailed values in the time domain because of the single bit data output, so when the single input is near positive side it shows more ones than zero and in the same way when the input signal is near to negative it shows more number of zeroes than ones and if it is in midscale then it shows equal number of zeroes and ones. The below figure shows the output of integrator for two conditions where the first one is for input zero near the midscale so decode them pass output samples through low pass filter that averages every four samples this shows the bipolar zero. So from this we can say that if more number of samples are averaged more dynamic range is obtained. The sigma delta ADC can also be seen as synchronous voltage to frequency converter with the counter. If the number of ones in the output data stream is counted from the samples then the counter output will give digital value of output, this method applies only when have dc or for slow changing input signal. The 2N clock cycles are counted to achieve N-bit resolution and there by for getting effective sampling rate. Here noise shaping is explained in frequency domain by using sigma delta modulator. In this the integrator which is present in the modulator represents an analog low pass filter with transfer function H(f)=1/f and this transfer function shows that the amplitude not directly proportional to frequency. The one bit quantize gives quantization noise Q and it is given to output sum block. If we have input signal X and output signal Y the value that comes out of summing point is X-Y and after that it is multiplied by the transfer function and this is given as, From the equation if we see that if f=0 the output Y reaches X with no noise , and at high frequency the amplitude of the signal reaches zero and noise value reaches Q. So due to this the analog filter has signal effect on low pass and high pass effect on noise Q. This filter does noise shaping at given frequency in delta sigma model and higher order filter gives more attenuation in sigma delta modulators but some precautions should be taken. We get good quantization noise and best ENOB for given sample when we have more integrator and summing points in sigma delta modulator. This figure is giving the relationship between order of sigma delta modulator and oversampling amount to reach SNR. If oversampling is taken 60 then the second order capable of giving SNR of 80db and also gives ENOB value as 13 and in this we have filter to reduce noise and decimator to decide degree. This carries 13 bit outside but if you want to use additional bits, these added bits that carry signals has no useful value and buried in quantization noise unless the post filtering is used. The resolution can be increased from the 1-bit system by increasing the oversampling ratio or by higher order modulator. In the other method for the waveform output we give current and voltage as input which are 16bit and then given to second order sigma delta ADC where it oversamples input at frequency equal to MCLK/4 and with this it allows for wide range of input signals. The input current channel (channel 0) usable range is increased with the programmable gain amplifier and this is linked with block diagram of MCP3909 and gives in detail of its signal processing blocks. To cancel the system offset on both the channels we use to high pass filter and from output of filter we get voltage and current, so when calculating power we should not get any offset. As this signals are not having DC offset so the averaging technique is used to give active power output. The power signal at we get after filtering is active power output it is DC component and for averaging technique use sine and non-sine waveform after this the ADC takes real power to give output pulse where the frequency is directly proportional to real power. The frequency present at FOUT 0, FOUT1 outputs are used to drive counters and stepper motor which shows power consumed. Every pulse from F0, F1, F2 settings are used to give fixed amount of energy , the HFOUT has less integration and high frequency to represent power signal and due to less time it helps the user to get values fastly under steady condition. . For the current and voltage transducers the MCP3909 analog inputs are connected and each pin has specifications like it should pass from 5kV to 500V contact charge. The differential input is given for both the channels to reduce noise and absolute voltage should be kept at 1V related to AGND so this can do error measurement. The common mode signal is taken to respect both last condition and input voltage difference range and for good common mode ration to should be referred to ground. The current channel has PGA gain to measure small signal with out other signal. The maximum differential voltage we have at channel0 is 470mV/Gain. The maximum voltage fro channel1 is 660mV. For channel 0 gain selection is given as, This MCP3909 has internally POR to check supply voltage AVdd and this check when the systems power is on or off. This POR has built in hysteresis and timer to check potential ripple and noise on power supply. For this the threshold voltage is typically set to 4V. The MCP3909 is kept in reset state if the supply voltage falls less than threshold voltage and hysteresis value is 200mV to prevent glitches. Once the power is on the internal timer stop sending the pulse with MCLK=3.58MHz there by preventing potential metastability. For calculating the active power the MCP3909 use digital filter which is first order IIR filter where we can extract real power (DC component) from the power signal. Since the input power signal has harmonic content. We get ripples from the filter output at line of frequency when the filter is not ideal. To reduce the noise for line frequency at 50Hz we use cut off frequency as input clock (MCLK=3.58 MHz). The rejection of frequency component will be more than 20db. In this at the frequency converter the output of filter is stored and then it is helpful to compare threshold for Fout0/1 and HFout and each time threshold is crossed we get pulse. The Fout0/1 require more energy to get output pulse than HFout , like integration period and as this acts as filter the output ripple or noise is minimum. The threshold or transfer function of HFout and Fout0/1 are different to each other. The threshold energy or transfer function are different to each other , the Fout0/1 output frequencies are quite low in order to allow integration. In this synchronous serial transmission clock is shared between sender and receiver or the sender gives timing signal so that the receiver knows when to read next bit of data. In this serial transmission if we do not have data to send then fill character is sent instead of data so to keep transmission continually, these synchronous communication is efficient because in these we have only data transmission between sender and receiver.. for example the synchronous transmission is used between printer and fixed device where data is sent in one set of wire and clock is sent in different wire. This RS 232 is asynchronous serial communication method which is used for computers and others, it is called as asynchronous because there is no synchronizing clock present like which is in SPI where it is serial protocol, the serial protocol is such that it automatically synchronize itself. We can use RS 232 to easily create data link between boards and standard PC, you can makes data loggers that read analog value from ADC and give it to PC this is done by writing program that shows data with using graphs. In serial communication the byte is sent or transmitted one bit at time but in parallel communication the whole data like byte (8 bit) transmitted at a time. So for that we use parallel communication to send data in shorten distance like between graphic card and CPU and these parallel can have say many wires as possible , but serial communication uses one wire to transfer data so it is used for long distance. In series the logic level changes with the bit being transmitted (0 or 1) and to know which is start bit and end bit in byte we need to add synchronize line and note the value of data line when the clock line is high but this is the way the serial buses like SPI work . UART is not having clock because it is asynchronous but start bit and stop bit are used to synchronize the incoming data. When the word is in transmission start bit is added at start of each word and this tells the receiver that data is read to sent and forces the receiver clock to be synchronous with clock of transmitter. These two must not have same frequency drift but can have same clock. After the start bit is sent each bit in word are given least significant bit (LSB) and each bit from transmitter is sent with same time and receiver is in half way to check that bit is one or zero. The sender will not know when receiver looks at the bits but sender knows when the clock says to begin to send next bit of word. When the complete data word is sent the transmitter adds parity bit and at the receiver uses this parity bit for error checking and at last the one stop bit is sent by the transmitter, if the receiver does not receive the stop bit when it is supposed to be the UART thinks the entire word to be garbled and reports framing error to host when data word is read. This framing error occurs because the sender and receiver clocks are not running at same speed. Whether the data is sent or not the UART automatically discard start, stop and parity bit and if another word is coming the start bit for new word comes as soon as the stop bit for existing word been sent RS 232 In this it has two data line like RX and TX , where TX is the wire where data is sent out to other device and RX is the line in which other device put data it needs to send. We know that high = 5v and low =0v for MCU boards and this RS 232 has high=12v and low=-12v. So to make RS 232 to interface with MCU which understands 0 to 5 volts we use MAX232. As RS232 has no clock line for synchronization perfect timing is needed so transmissions are carried out in certain speed which is bits per second and number of bits transmitted per second is know as baud rate. Some standard rates are 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19200, etc. RS 232 Level conversion As seen above the RS232 signals differ from signals in MCU, this level converter will convert RS 232 signals from -12 to 12 volts from PC to signal 0 to 5 volts to fed to MCU. It is good to check the operation so we use converter to see its working nature, so for this we need Hyper-terminal windows software which is used to open COM port and to send and receive textual data. For testing we need to connect output RX/TX together so data written to COM ports to enter our circuit and converted to MCU board signal level. After this understand the USART of AVR Microcontroller and write code to activate USART to send and receive data, like other microcontrollers AVR also has main hardware for serial communication this is called USART. In this USART hardware you need to write data to one of registers. Clock generation. This generator generates the base clock for transmitter and receiver, this USART supports four modes of clock operation 1. Normal Asynchronous, 2. Double speed asynchronous, 3. Master synchronous and 4.slave synchronous mode. The UMSEL bit in the UCSRC (control and status register) is the one that selects between synchronous and asynchronous operation. Double speed(asynchronous mode) is controlled by U2X found in UCSRA register. When UMSEL=1 the data direction register for the XCK controls weather the clock source is internal (master mode) or external (slave mode) and this is shown in block diagram Txclk- transmitter clock(internal signal) Rxclk receiver clock(internal signal) Xcki used for synchronous slave operation Xcko used for synchronous master operation Fcso- system clock Baud rate generator The USART Baud rate register and down counter are connected as programmable prescaler or baud rate generator. The down counter which is running at the system clock(fosc) is loaded with UBRR value each time the counter has counted down to zero and clock is generated each time counter reaches zero and the clock generated is the baud rate generator clock output = fosc/(UBRR+1). The transmitter divides the baud rate generator clock output by 2,8.16 depending on the mode and this baud rate generator is directly used by receiver clock and data recovery units. The baud rate generator equations are given as, Operating mode Calculating baud rate Calculating UBRRvalue Asynchronous normal mode Baud= fosc/(UBRR+1)16 UBRR= fosc/16baud   1 Asynchronous double speed mode Baud= fosc/(UBRR+1)8 UBRR= fosc/8baud   1 Synchronous master mode Baud= fosc/(UBRR+1)2 UBRR= fosc/2baud   1 External clock The synchronous mode operation is done by using external clock and external clock input from XCK is sampled by synchronous register to reduce change in stability and the output from synchronous register must pass through edge detector before it is used by transmitter and receiver. This process includes two CPU clock period delay and its frequency is given as FXCK USART of AVR The USART of AVR is connected to CPU by these six registers UDR- USART Data Register: basically this is not one but two register , when you read it data is stored in receiver buffer and when you write it gives to transmitter buffer. UCSRA: USART Control and Status Register: as it name says it stores some status about USART and there are some of this kind like UCSRB and UCSRC. UBRRH and UBRRL: This is USART baud rate register, it i s16 bit wide so UBRRH is high byte and UBRRL is low byte . To write programs with using USART you need to study about each register, the seen behind using USART is same with other internal peripheral. now we will describe each registers clearly This bit is set when USART completed receiving byte from host and program should read from UDR and this flag bit is set when unread data is present in receiver buffer and gets cleared when receiver buffer is empty. If the receiver is disabled, the receiver buffer is flushed and the RXC will completely zero. Bit 6- TXC: transmit complete This bit is set 1 when USART has completed transmitting byte to host and program can write new data to USART through UDR. The transmit flag bit is cleared automatically when TXC interrupt is executed. Bit 5 UDRE USART Data Register Empty The UDRE flag first tells us that the transmit buffer (UDR) is ready to

Problems With the ACT and SAT Essay -- Standardized Testing Essays

Throughout high school and college we will go through a vast amount of testing but why? Testing is used to show a person’s amount of knowledge on a particular subject. Usually it’s for one specific subject and not a majority of them, the standardized tests include all testable subjects as in English, math, science, writing, and reading. However, before we can all begin our college careers we have to take one of two tests, the ACT or the SAT. These two tests determine the college you get into, the amount of scholarships you will receive, and even whether or not your will be accepted into any college. These standardized tests are used by schools because they find that it is an easy way to test a student’s ability. However, the issue in doing this is for example, the ACT is all multiple choice. Exams such as these do not give the option to include worded feedback to show that you at least know something about the subject. Multiple choice exams have this problem, they can’t test the information that a person fully knows, it only tests whether they chose the right answer or possibly just guessed it. With only a slew of multiple choice questions it can be easy to get a â€Å"good† score or a â€Å"bad† score. That’s why these tests are flawed, the results they show don’t prove anything or really show anything for that matter. So, using these long multiple choice exams are what college’s consider to be a reflection of a student’s grades during their first year at college. The test maker itself explains that grade point averages during high school paint a better picture than their tests ("The ACT: Biased, Inaccurate, and Misused" 1). College’s use these standardized tests as a quick measure of ability. However, a test cannot explo... ...Mar. 2014. Kohn, Alfie. N.p.. Web. 25 Mar 2014. . (Kohn) "The ACT: Biased, Inaccurate, and Misused." Fair Test. FairTest, 20 Aug 2007. Web. 25 Mar 2014. . ("The ACT: Biased, Inaccurate, and Misused") Meaghan, Diane, and Francois Casas. Bias in standardized testing and the misuse of test scores: Exposing the Achilles heel of education reform. Canadian Centre Policy Alternatives, 2004. 35-50. eBook. (Meaghan and Casas 35-50)

A Comparison of My Two Speeches -- Apeech Evaluation Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Comparing my self-introduction speech (my first speech), to my persuasive speech (my last speech) was interesting. They were completely different topics but with a slight improvement in speaking ability. I increased my ability to maintain eye contact while I reduced the amount of nervous body language. I saw improvements in my speech preparation and structure, as well as in the delivery of the speech.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First I am going to talk about the difference in eye contact and nervous body language between the first speech and the last speech. In my first speech my face was flushed a cherry red, I was shaking, and every time I would try to make eye contact I would lose all train of thought. In my last speech I was not nearly as nervous, you could tell by the color of my face. I was not ...

The 2008 Beijing Olympics: China Pushes Towards Modernization Essays

The 2008 Beijing Olympics: China Pushes Towards Modernization The Olympics are always used as a way for the host city to put on a display of its culture and show the world its myriad social and economical triumphs. The host country can, in just a couple weeks, show the world what a wonderful place it is. The Olympics have in the past been able to prompt a world awareness of the host country and create a lingering legacy. Beijing will attempt to do all these things, but the stakes will be much higher. China is the most populous country in the world and at the center of many global issues. With its accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, China made a big step in accepting the challenge from other world powers to open up its markets, address human rights, and transform itself from a developing country to a modern world power. With its official Olympic Action Plan, Beijing has made it its mission to directly address these issues with its emphasis on the concepts of â€Å"Green Olympics, High-tech Olympics, and Peopleâ€℠¢s Olympics.† Indeed, Beijing is maneuvering itself into position to use its fifteen minutes at the center of the world stage to put on quite a show. At the same time, Beijing can use the opportunity of putting on the Games to better its economic position in the world. China’s economic growth has been strong due to foreign investment in Chinese manufacturing. The trend will continue. Foreign investment for the Games will stimulate growth while Chinese manufacturers will be able to exploit the new export market for Olympic goods. At the same time, China hopes to boost its position in making its own high tech developments to go along with its already strong manufacturing sector. While change in C... ...ent Strategy: Issues and Prospects. Japan: Institute of Developing Economies, 2001. Phillips, Richard. â€Å"Big Business Demands a Corporate Olympics.† 16 March 1999. World Socialist Web Site. 1 June 2003 . Studwell, Joe. The China Dream: The Elusive Quest for the Greatest Untapped Market on Earth. London: Profile Books , 2002. Tseng, Wanda, and Markus Rodlauer, eds. China: Competing in the Global Economy. Washington D.C. : Interational Monetary Fund, 2003. US Commerical Service. â€Å"Beijing 2008 Olympics.† 2003. 1 June 2003 . â€Å"US textile quota plan critized.† Xinhua Economic News Service [Beijing] 25 April 2003. Webber, Michael, Mark Wang, and Zhu Ying, eds. China’s Transition to a Global Economy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.

Globalisation & Liberalisation

According to Herman E Daly, Globalization serves the villous of a single, cosmopolitan, integrated global economy. This definition focuses on the cross border movement of goods, services and resources (financial and human) impacting on the domestic and global assets and employment. Globalization, thus focuses on an integrated economic world in which the economy is a single market characterized by trade and Investment flows, cross border economic activities In production, Investment financing, movement of capital, technology, labor, Internationalization of consumption, capital, and services.Economic liberation's is the gateway of globalization and financial liberation plays the most crucial role in integration of one neutron economy on the global economic network. However, very often the term liberation's and globalization are used simultaneously. Important instruments of liberation's are regulation of financial market to allow foreign capital, foreign investment, to and fro flow of c apital etc. Reduction of tariff and non-tariff barriers of trade, simplifications of customs measures etc.For successful global Integration a country must move to economic liberalizing by dismantling entry barriers and Licensing system, reduction in physical restrictions on imports, reduction in control n capital and current account, reforming financial system and opening up financial market to private (domestic and foreign) players, removing controls on foreign capital (FDA and portfolio) flow to the country etc. Globalization however, Is not a new phenomena of the current world activities.Economic historians have traced two strong waves of globalization. The first wave of globalization spread over 1 870 – 1914 while the second wave of globalization began roughly in 1960 and continuing. The current wave of globalization is much faster and deeper. Globalization today is fundamentally a new economic phenomenon, and a process to set up a new economic order globally increased in tegration and Interdependence of production, consumption and services. The present wave of banquets – Volvo.V Issue 1, January 2005 Globalization and Life Insurance gallstones NAS slantingly Innocence Improved speculation In resource allocation, productivity enhancement and specialization and greater innovation, adaptability and utilization of technology which has necessitated the need for cross border economic activity for all the countries. Resource mobility has not only reduced the cost of production and distribution but also boosted competition across the order.Drivers of Globalization The present wave of globalization has been significantly influenced by advances in information and computer technology, increased flow of trade and capital. Improved specialization in resource allocation, productivity enhancement and specialization and greater innovation, adaptability and utilization of technology which has necessitated the need for cross border economic activity for all th e countries. These have not only reduced the cost of production and distribution but also boosted competition across the border.Therefore important drivers of globalization are expansion of International Trade, Internationalization of Financial Market and Migration, Baldwin and Martin (1999) observed key aspects of globalization namely Trade, investment, migration and Factor prices , Capital flows and Markets, and Industrialization and Income Convergence and Divergence. Both waves of globalization were driven by radical reduction in technical and policy barriers to international transactions†¦. But the uniqueness in recent globalization is heavily shaped by the dramatic reduction in communications cost, what is sometimes referred to as the death of distance'.Financial Globalization Advancement in information technology, innovation in financial products, and increase in trade and services provided boost to the cross border flow of capital. Capital Mobility is considered as an in dicator of financial integration. Other indicator being gross stocks of foreign assets and liabilities. We shall discuss this in detail the section Financial Globalization The process of Globalization is strongly supported by Financial Globalization.There is an inextricable relation between increased international trade in goods and services and the increased flow of international UAPITA. It is because increased trade is followed by increase in payments, banking service, hedging etc. Stock markets, as we have noted in the beginning, has replaced the role of Banking to a great extent as a financier to corporate and development funds. Stock markets, in a globally integrated financial market facilitate risk sharing, improve efficiency of resource allocation, impact savings decisions and provide liquidity thus supporting faster economic growth.Globally integrated stock markets facilitates economic growth in several ways namely : Banquets – Volvo. V Issue 1, January 2005 021 Impro ve much name eloquently In ten market Prove prudent resource allocation prospects Create an environment for flow of savings thus reducing uncertainty of capital in the market Reduce risks through global diversification Liberalized and internationally integrated stock markets thus boost economic growth. Benefits of Financial Globalization Liberation's and globalization produces immense benefits to the countries integrated.Liberation's creates conducive climate for faster economic growth, allows upgrading of technology, provides scale economy, expansion of markets domestically and internationally. Economic integration through liberation's can also expand Job opportunities in domestic market and through migration of labor in general. Financial Globalization produces higher economic growth through direct and indirect impact on economy . Liberation's and globalization produce immense benefits to the countries integrated.Liberation's creates conducive climate for faster economic growth, a llows upgrading of technology, provides scale economy, expansion of markets domestically and internationally. Economic integration through liberation's can also expand Job opportunities in domestic market and through gyration of labor in general. However, liberation's of financial markets provides growth generating opportunities including the following. By encouraging FDA, developing economies can import much needed technology, which would further generate spillovers for local firms.Saggy (2002) mentioned three types of potential channels of spillovers, namely Demonstration Effect, (local firms adopting multinational introduced technologies), labor turnover switchover of trained labors to local firms (enabling technology diffusion) and vertical linkages (multinationals supplying technology to suppliers of intermediate goods). Global Financial integration augment much required domestic saving and boost up capital investment in investment starved countries. It also provides avenues fo r better allocation of capital and minimizes risk.Further, capital flow is accompanied by transfer of technology and finally assists in promoting healthy capital market. Indirect influences of globalization include promotion of globalization and integration of domestic economies which is followed by improving the macro economic policy frame work and setting up economic institutions and better governance system. Financial Liberation's has forced many countries to open up financial markets and relaxed the rules of intermediation allowing financial services institutions like investment banks, asset management companies, Mutual Funds, Pension Funds etc. To operate in newly liberalized markets. The forces of change unleashed by financial globalization, reenacted In Electroplating AT Dangling system, Increase In cross border financial activity increased competition in savings market convergence in financial services industry. B. Globalization of Insurance Market Insurance is an integral p art of national economy and a strong pillar of financial arrest. Therefore, waves of globalization have also deeply influenced the insurance market worldwide. Financial Market Globalization has also been strongly supported by Globalization of Insurance.With the increase in Trade, Direct Investment and Portfolio Investment, there has been an ever growing demand for Insurance services particularly in the emerging markets. Globalization of Insurance market, as a part of the overall process of liberalizing in emerging and other countries enabled the foreign insurance companies to enter in those countries and benefited both. The riving forces of insurance market globalization has been identified by Swiss Re (Sigma No. 4/2000) as the ‘push factors' and ‘Pull Factors'.The Push factors are the motives behind the movement of foreign insurance companies while the pull factors are the motives behind allowing the foreign companies to operate in local market, l) Push factors : Insura nce Companies move out to emerging markets due to Increasing Global Trade , Growing Direct Investment , Potential Future Growth in Emerging Markets , Saturation in industrialized countries and Strong growth in emerging entries and expected Efficiency Gains through Diversification , Economics of scale etc it) Pull Factors : The important pull factors in emerging markets – Emerging Markets have Strong Economic growth and Trade, and there are substantial requirements of capital in Emerging Markets to cover major risks. There are several benefits to the countries allowing foreign insurance companies to operate in their countries which can be broadly classified into Economy related, and Insurance marked related Economy related benefits to the local country : Foreign insurance companies along with local companies add further momentum to obligation of savings. Institutional net work in the savings market increases, which also influence the savings behavior of household and corporate savings.Resources and capital allocation in the Domestic Market increases with the increased sophistication brought by the foreign insurance companies It also improves the financial stability in the host country, as well as facilitates improvement in production and Trade. Banquets – Volvo. V Issue 1, January 2005 023 Insurance market related benefits : Capital structure of entire insurance industry improves because foreign companies brings fresh capital with them. Market efficiency improves due to information dissemination, global operating knowledge and increased competition. Management inclemency Increases Decease Torrent companies Drill Walt teem global experience and management innovation. Range of available products increases because foreign companies bring with them a wide range of products and product development expertise.Customers' service improves. Increased competition, technology led service, and cost competition finally benefits the consumers. Globalization also improves Regulatory and Governance system. It also improves market conduct and Ethical Business Standard. Jennifer Rankin (2003) mentions the following factors driving the insurance companies' cross border activity. Many countries are moving away from protectionism and state control and taking more market driven approach especially in the insurance and financial services and opening up their markets to foreign companies. The process of Insurance globalization significantly influenced by the GOATS/WTFO.A major break through was achieved in 1997 with an agreement of Liberation's of financial services following which 102 countries committed to remove entry barriers and liberalism their markets. The GOATS agreement offers legal security and protection to global insurance players. With the removal of entry barriers in emerging and less developed countries there has been an increased flow of funds from developed countries to the emerging and less developed countries. According to Swiss R e (Sigma No. 4/2000) â€Å"In recent years there has been a strong increase in the demand for insurance in the emerging markets. The average annual growth rate in the emerging markets has since 1990 been twice as high as industrial countries in both life and non-life insurance.There is already an indication of slow Roth and saturation of insurance market in industrially developed countries. During 2003, Global Life business witnessed a decline of -0. 8%. However, emerging market life business grew by 6. 6% as against -1 . 7% decline in industrialized countries. In non life business, while industrialized countries achieved 5. 7% growth in real premium income, emerging markets registered 8. 5% growth rate in 2003. However, total premium income of emerging market in 2003, was US $ 314128 million which represented 10. 68% global premium income, whereas share of industrialized countries with US $ 2626542 million representing 89. 2% of global premium. This is an indication of huge potent ial emerging market.Globalization of Financial as well as Life Insurance Market is an inevitable phenomena. In the years to come the globalization of Insurance Market is going to speedup further. The impact of globalization will also be felt more in emerging markets which have exhibited better potential for growth in insurance market. Data provided in Table No. 1 and Table No. 2 shows that countries which have extensively opened up the Insurance 24 Market to the Private and Foreign Companies have achieved relatively better growth in insurance density and penetration. It has also been noted in India that growth of Insurance Market was faster in the post liberation's period than that in pre- Tatterdemalions pergola.However, one AT ten constraints AT Insurance Gallstones Is a small number of global players as noted by UNEVEN (2002). The private insurance industry is largely a national industry rather than a global one. The number of truly global insurance players is in the range of 20 to 30 only. Another 70 companies operate significantly in more than one continent through branches. Only 1. 2% of global insurance premium comes from across border business. C. Impact of Liberation's on Economic growth Research of Bernstein and others (1998) shows that FDA contributes more domestic growth than domestic investment. And also FDA is more productive than domestic investment.Liberation's of capital markets attracts foreign investment which influences the price of equity thereby reducing the cost of capital. Research of Beakers and Harvey (2000) indicated that post liberalized regulatory reforms bring down the cost of capital and also help to increase inflow of capital. Financial liberation's also imparts structural formats of capital markets, improves the closures, transparency and corporate governance which creates growth prospects in a liberalized country. It has been noted that the average per capita income is higher in the countries with more open economic policies a nd better global linkages, than in the countries with less openness in financial sector. Globalization has helped promote convergence of per capita incomes.Per capita incomes have grown faster in globalization developing countries (those lowering trade barriers) than in rich countries – 5 per cent versus 2. 2 per cent in sass†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Non globalization Developing countries have lagged behind. Finance and Development, March 2002. , UP). Resource (2002) has observed that â€Å"the trend of rising inequality over the past 200 years, primarily between countries, now appears to have been reversed, and the experience of the 19th century suggests that increased globalization will accelerate this decline. Parkas et al (2003) has noted that ‘International Financial Integration can help to promote domestic financial sector development, which in turn can help to moderate macro economic volatility.However, thus far these benefits of financial integration appear to have accru ed primarily to industrialized countries. D. Growth of Life Insurance in India Indian Life Insurance Industry, since nationalization, has registered a significant growth and gradually increased its share in household financial savings. As noted in table 4, the Share of Insurance Funds has increased from 8. 7% in 1993-94 to 14. 9% in 2003-04, while the share of life insurance funds increased from 8% to 14. 5% during the same Banquets – Volvo. V Issue 1, January 2005 025 per 00 Ana In terms AT GAP It NAS Increased Trot I Nils Is a gallants achievement of Life Insurance Industry which till recently represented by LICE of India.Growth in Life Fund is considered to be an important indicator of growth of Life Insurance Industry and as can be seen from the Table 4, LICE has performed exceedingly well. LICE, after nationalization of 256 Life Insurance Companies, started with a Life Fund of RSI. 410. 40 core, which in course of time increased rapidly and stood at RSI. 3,21 ,754 core i n 2004. Similarly, the total assets of LICE has increased from RSI. 463 core in 1958 to core in 2004. High growth of Life Fund and Assets of LICE was possible due to significant growth in New Business, which got a boost during the Post Liberation's period. First time in 1999, LICE sold more than one core (1. 8 core) policies in a single year, however, growth became faster during the post liberalized period and in 2002 it crossed the 2 core mark by selling 2. 25 core policy, which increased further to 2. 42 core in 2003. In 2004, New Business (AS) had gone up RSI 2,02,898. 14 core under 2,69,63,504 policies. Total in force policies serviced by LICE by the end of 2004, stood at 15. 39 core under Sum Assured of RSI. 9,25,033. 33 core. Liberation's of Indian Insurance market has provided further push of the Insurance Industry. By the end of March, 2004, there were 13 Life Insurance companies including LICE in the market, which has not only generated competition but also provided a wide range of product choice to the customers.An overall view of Indian Life Insurance market can be obtained through data released by ERDA, shown in the Table 6 and Table 7. Accordingly total no. Of policies underwritten in 2004 increased by, 12. 78% from 2002-03 to 5 2003-04, while the premium under these policies increased by 51. 80%, from lacks to 18,71 ,016. 02 lacks during the same period. So far LICE is concerned, there is a fall in market share in New Business. In No. Of Policies the market share declined from 96. 70% to 94. 21% while in premium income the market share of LICE declined from 92. 03% to 87. 04% during the same period. These indicate that Indian Life Insurance in general has expanded since liberalizing on the one hand and market has been increasingly becoming competitive. E.India in the International Context Though the share of Life Fund in household Financial Assets has gone up during the last decade and Indian Life Insurance Industry registered better growth rate compared with global growth rate yet total premium volume and global market share minded quite low. Total premium volume of Life Insurance Industry in the World at 9% growth rate increased from US $ 1 534,061 2002 to US $ 16,72514 2003, whereas in India 26 growth rate was much higher at 18% and Total Premium volume increased from US $ s S EYE ruling ten same pergola. Insurance Density (premium per capita and Insurance Penetration (premium in percentage of GAP) which are important growth indicators are quite low in India. In the year 2003, Life Insurance Density in India was only US $ 12. 9 as against the World Density of US $ 267. 1. Similarly, Life Insurance Penetration in India was only 2. % as against World Penetration level of 4. 59%.