Philosophy- Rationalism and Empiricism Essay

Immanuel Kant found the way to put subjective and objective perspectives together as part of the human transcendental structure. The idea of subjective truth comes from Rene Descartes and his vision on rationalism based on innate ideas that allow people to appreciate what they see in order to reach a conclusion. Secondly, we have John Locke’s idea of objective truth based on a blank state of mind and a phenomenon that allows people to appreciate their reality by relying on experiences with any object, human, place or something else. Descartes and Locke rejected the possibility of bringing these two elements together for a better understanding. Since both focused on what people see through their eyes and their mind process, without considering the importance of the physical nature, Kant argued that they both should work together in order to understand the physical nature of different things. Kant focused on the conscious mental state which explains the importance of both of these elements together. Thomas Nagel highlighted Kant’s perspective and argued that subjective phenomenon’s are linked to single points of view that the objective theory will never be able to abandon. If a person separates them from each other there will be no idea of how something could be true. Since we live in a society with different perspectives, truth is what everyone looks for in order to draw their own conclusions. Nagel argued that having personal experience is enough to have the necessary material for imagination. For example, Nagel offered a metaphor about a bat, in which he suggest the use of imagination to ask ourselves what would be like for us to behave as the bat behaves. It’s clear that Nagel relies on Aristotle’s vision of reality because his realism on subjectivity creates a belief in the existence of facts over the concepts that we create as humans. Although there are facts that people will never comprehend, there is a possibility that through a combination of both people can find the truth of things that they can’t understand. According to Nagel, there is no difference between mental and physical events because there are experiences in which people process things to reach a conclusion. People have the ability to perceive and behave and they both come along together. On the other side, Donald Davidson argued that mental events have physical causes and that we have reason to believe this even though people don’t know if there is a general psychophysical theory. But, what about non-intentional events? Nagel argued that his argument only applies to intentional mental events without considering that as humans have reasons to believe that sensations are physical processes as well. Physical processes don’t have the necessity to look for answers of how something happened. Finally, Kant’s theory argues that our experiences are significant since they can’t be the same because people’s different states of mind, but as human beings it’s important to be subjective to appreciate different phenomenon’s around them. Kant’s made these two perspectives dependent from each other, without leaving any gap in which they both could separate by any chance.

Chocolate Chip Cookies

A chocolate chip cookie is a drop cookie that was originally from the United States and features chocolate chips as its main ingredient. The traditional recipe contains a dough composed of butter and both brown and white sugar with semi-sweet chocolate chips. Variations include recipes with other types of chocolate or additional ingredients, such as nuts or oatmeal. The chocolate chip cookie was accidentally developed by Ruth Graves Wakefield in 1930. She owned the Toll House Inn, in Whitman, Massachusetts, a very popular restaurant that featured home cooking in the 1930s.Her cookbook, Toll House Tried and True Recipes, was published in 1936 by M. Barrows & Company, New York. It included the recipe â€Å"Toll House Chocolate Crunch Cookie†, which rapidly became a favorite to be baked in American homes. Chocolate chip cookies are commonly made with high in calorie ingredients including sugar, flour, eggs, butter, chocolates, etc. Some recipes also include milk or nuts in the do ugh. It depends on the ratio of ingredients, mixing and cooking times, some recipes are optimized to produce a softer, chewy style cookie while others will produce a crunchy/crispy style.As you can see in the ingredients, on how the cookies is baked, and the style of cookies, it can easily catch an attention of a buyer. The ingredients given are also a bit expensive nowadays. As It is said, it is full of calories. So how about the costumers that will consume the high in calorie and expensive product? How about their health and weight? Their wallets and pockets? That's the reason why the researchers come up with this research. To make a solution to these problems about chocolate chip cookies.

A Case Against Deceptive Advertising

Verizon Wireless, a joint ownership of Verizon Communications Inc. and the Vodafone Group PLC, had sold laptop cards with limited capabilities for wireless Internet access.For $59.99 the company was offering an â€Å"unlimited monthly usage plan,† despite the fact that the service had limitations (Sharma & Cheng, 2007).   Customers were not able to use their laptop cards for â€Å"high bandwidth activities,† for example, to download movies (Sharma & Cheng).   Moreover, Verizon Wireless had not mentioned the limitations of its laptop cards in advertisements (Sharma & Cheng).Following an investigation by the State Attorney of New York, Verizon Wireless was required not only to agree to change its â€Å"‘unlimited’ advertising† of the wireless broadband service, but also to reimburse the customers with $1 million in all (Sharma & Cheng).   Besides, the company was required to pay $150,000 in fees and penalties to New York.   Verizon Wireless agr eed to meet all of the legal conditions (Sharma & Cheng).CritiqueThe case of the laptop cards sold by Verizon Wireless concerned deceptive advertising.   The company had referred to its service as an unlimited plan in spite of its limitations.   Customers should have been informed about the limitations before they purchased the service.Thankfully, the New York State Attorney intervened to compel the company to reimburse the customers.   As a matter of fact, this aspect of business law is vital for consumer protection against company fraud.Deceptive advertising includes misrepresentation and omission.   Perhaps Verizon Wireless had mistakenly omitted the limitations of its service in its advertising.   Nevertheless, it was required to pay for its mistake.This serves as a warning for all companies in the U.S.   Furthermore, the business regulatory departments around the country must continue to evaluate all advertisements seeing that imperfect information is a source of ma rket failure.ReferencesSharma, A., & Cheng, R. (2007, Oct 24). Verizon Wireless Reaches Deal in Marketing Probe.The Wall Street Journal, pp. B5.

Marketing portion update for a Electronic Medical record Business plan Research Paper

Marketing portion update for a Electronic Medical record Business plan - Research Paper Example In order to curb this, the institute of medicine suggested that EMR should be implemented uniformly in the industry to improve the efficiency of care givers. (Erickstad et al, 2011). Target Markets The examination of the target market must be conducted on the basis of important variables that essentially define the characteristics of the market to enhance the achievement of marketing objectives that have been outlined in this plan. Geographic Segmentation – Domestic and International The most significant method of segmentation which has been discovered during the course of this research in relation with EMR is that of geographic segmentation. Research by Accenture has projected that the countries that are most likely to increase their usage of EMR are mostly the Nordics, Australia as well as Spain since they are already leading in adaption of the same. On the other hand, the United States is expected to overtake even these nations in the use of Hospital based EMRs in by the en d of the year 2013. Expected Growth The aforementioned market segments that have been characterized on the basis of their location have displayed varying levels of growth however, a similar feature in this regard is that each segment is expected to expand even though, the extent of this expansion might be different and in accordance with the development of the healthcare system in the identified regions. The largest potential target markets are the hospitals overhauling their systems and incorporating EMR technology; while the risk is high, the rewards are bound to be proportionally high as well. In addition, large markets with significant growth potential especially in clinical support where the maintenance is outsources preferably by small players would provide a conducive target market for the EMR technology both from a domestic and global perspective. Characteristics of Customers Since the target market does not involve the participation of individual consumers, the major segmen tation variables for consumer markets such as demographic, psychographic and behavioral factors would be inappropriate to apply in their entirety however, behavioral patterns suggest that the customer’s attitude towards the product would be positive, with a readiness stage at which they are informed about its potential benefits and understand the benefits of the product. Total Market Valuation The growth trend in domestic and international markets for EMR implies that the market value of each of the identified regions is going to increase in coming years which is a positive sign for the company. According to research based calculations and market assessments the potential value of the market for EMR in the United States currently stands at a staggering $17 billion. This figure has been derived from prior calculations which reported the market value to be $15.7 in 2010. Consequently, similar observations are expected for countries such as Australia and Spain. However, inflatio n rate, exchange rate fluctuations and external factors such as taxes must be taken into account before arriving at concrete figures. Total Company Revenue The company’s commitment to the client is the provision of a high-quality product and our dedication is not limited to the delivery and installation of the product but it also extends to an extensive period of service. The primary costs of EMR that the client shall incur once an order for the product is placed are divided amongst the following categories:

Where the Wild Things Are Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Where the Wild Things Are - Essay Example The book was not widely received at first. In fact, some libraries have banned it. Two years after its publication, though, the teachers noticed that the children love it, and decided to relax their views about the book. What makes the book controversial, or at least not well-received, is the subject of the book itself. The plot of the story centers on a little boy named Max. The first line (sentence) of the story goes, â€Å"The night Max wore his wolf suit and made mischief of one kind and another†. Because of this, Max’s mother got mad at Max and sent him to his room without supper. Max got mad and made his tent, chases his pet dog with a fork, etc. Anyway, he stays in his room and his room starts to change into a different world, a forest. Then a boat comes and he sailed (for more than a year) and to foreign places where it was inhabited by â€Å"wild things†. He tamed them by staring at their yellow eyes without blinking and they made him king. They enjoyed themselves, danced the wild rumpus and did what wild things do. This continued for a long time. The Max told the Wild Things to stop and they did. Max then realized that he was lonely and â€Å"wanted to be with someone who loved him best of all† and â€Å"smelled good things to eat†. Then the wild things persuade him to stay and be their king but Max said â€Å"No†. ... The child is quite angry at being told off by his mother so he makes up a world where he can be king and express his anger. Then these monsters are tamed. Then the child indulges with the monsters and then when he gets tired of the novelty, he quits them and goes back to the room. This time, the room is much bigger. The Freudian thing here is actually rooted on anger management where it was actually therapeutic for him to lash out his anger on his own and then returns to normalcy when it’s over. Anger here is represented by monsters. He tamed them by directly looking at them; it’s as if you can master your problems/emotions by dealing with them directly. It is actually an adult thing to do and realize. Max’s world at the start is small. The illustration is literally small too. As he gains control on his world and the monsters’ world, the illustrations get bigger as well. It even takes two pages in the middle of the book! This means that the world of Maxâ⠂¬â„¢s, his imagination, is boundless. It is bigger, less bounded (it does not have margins!), prettier and more wonderful. However, back in his bedroom, after he leaves the monsters’ land, the world becomes small again, but it is not as small as his room before, but it has no borders now. This means that he grew, or at least his mind grew, as in he matured. This also reflects that his perspective grew, and his view of the world is bigger. He is a naughty child. He chases his pet dog with a fork and does mischievous things. He is what kids may relate too, as his mother also scolds him and grounds him. He knows that he can’t be mad at his mother because she is his mother. This is his source of frustration, and the readers (the children) can relate with this. This is what makes

Methods of Birth Assessments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Methods of Birth Assessments - Essay Example This approach is perceived applicable for a peaceful, â€Å"calm, and comfortable birthing† – relying on the normal physiological and biological interaction between the mother and child in the womb, without regard to the potential complication that are accounted by modern medical science on birthing (MedlinePlus, 2013a). Such happens when a woman is undergoing a â€Å"preterm labor, when the child inside the womb is tied its own umbilical cord, when child is situated abnormally, and whenever there is evidence of birth injuries (MedlinePlus, 2013a, p. 1).† Caesarean intersection is a surgical operation that is only undertaken when child delivery pose serious risks to both the mother and child; the only effective and efficient method, as remedy thereof , is only through surgical operation (ChildbirthConnection.org, 2013). Some women however, who have less tolerance on pain associated to vaginal delivery, will prefer a painless caesarean section delivery for less di fficulty (ChildbirthConnection.org, 2013). ... Although this is costly, experts contended , including the World Health Organization (WHO), that it’s the best method to prevent further complication and it help reduce mortality rate of women and children (ChildbirthConnection.org, 2013). This is to acknowledge the fact that many women nowadays have some medical causes to undertake this method and there are evidences that require the need to uphold this process of child delivery (ChildbirthConnection.org, 2013). Normally, an expectant mother would undergo labor and contractions when it is the time of the child to be given birth (MedlinePlus, 2013b).The process will demonstrate the natural dilation of the cervix and effacement of the uterus (MedlinePlus, 2013b). A number of women can undertake normal vaginal delivery while others require surgical caesarean intersection for the child to be delivered (MedlinePlus, 2013b). The latter require gynaecological expertise that is only available in maternity hospitals and in birthing cl inic (MedlinePlus, 2013b). This is otherwise called medical child birth method of delivery. Modern times have likewise recognized that the present lifestyle associated to childbearing and multiple births have consequentially developed such â€Å"medical circumstance that requires this medical and practical standard (ChildbirthConnection.org, 2013).† In the case of first expectant mother, caesarean operation becomes likely specially of they the cervix cannot attain full dilation that would affect the child’s fetal condition or would cause its distress, thus, mandate the need for such medical intervention (ChildbirthConnection.org, 2013). Mothers however are advised to try the normal process of vaginal delivery before opting for caesarean section operation that will cost them more

Cold War and Today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cold War and Today - Essay Example In the current scenario, Italy’s parliamentary form of democractic control is dominated by the Christian Democrats in order to attain financial aid from the US because after the war it had urged the Italians not to support the Communist party. Today, Italy falls under the purview of American leadership as it also signed the NATO treaty at the time. Economic growth in Italy boosted as well after the government in Italy stabilized itself. During the war, women were bound to their homes, taking care of their families and the war work was left to the men folk. However with time, as more and more people began to get engaged in the army, women were required in factories in order to carry on the process of production. The aftermath of the war suggested that both genders take on various means of livelihoods in order to support the growing eocnomy of the country. Women began taking to fashion and the Italian country soon became the hub of clothing, garments and designing. Italy became the centre of food with more and more bistros and cafes catering to the needs of the people. Since the country was influenced a great deal by the US, it soon took to reaching out of its comfort zone and moving into a dveeloped form of living with more and more people leading a substantial lifestyle. Italian society has undergone major change as well due to the persuasion of the West and today, the social structure in the country is to lead a comfortable and lavish but simple lifestyle with a desire to engage oneself in entrepreneurial activities.

My reflection Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

My reflection - Research Paper Example Anita Ghai, a disabled Indian woman, reflects on the marginalization of disabled women in India and the driving force behind the disability movement in India. The cultural environment in India has made it difficult for the movement because of the stigmatization facing people with disabilities as they are treated as outcasts or lower caste members (Ghai 29).The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990(ADA) defined the critical aspects of the rights and benefits of people with disabilities. With this type of governance, the definition of â€Å"who is a disabled person† was made clear. The ADA emphasizes on the need to modify the existing facilities and amenities to accommodate people with disabilities. Disabled people should be given the proper assistance and inspiration to get the best out of them. Beneath that physical or mental disability, there lies a true and definite talent that only needs to be exposed in the correct manner, with patience and the correct training provided. I believe that disabled people deserve equal opportunities to prove their

Influence of Culture on Safety and project performance Dissertation

Influence of Culture on Safety and project performance - Dissertation Example Aim and objectives 8 5.1 Aim of the study 8 5.2 Objectives 8 6.Literature review 10 7.1Organisational Culture: 11 7.2 Types of cultures 12 7.2.1 Classify organizational Culture 12 7.2.2 Four Organizational Culture Types 13 7.2Organisational Culture in Construction Industry: 14 7.3Organisational Culture and Project Performance 15 7.4Organisational Culture, Safety, and Project Performance: 16 7.5 Construction industry growth of Saudi Arabia 17 7.5Safety in Construction Industry of Saudi Arabia 18 7.Conceptual Framework 19 Research methodology 20 9.1 Research philosophy 20 9.2 Research strategy and method 22 9.3 Research techniques 23 Summary and way forward 24 Summary 24 Way forward 24 References 25 1. Introduction There have been on-going debates on the health and safety issues in different organisations and industries, more specifically, in the construction industry. According to Rowlinson and Lingard (2005), it is important to acknowledge that construction industry is facing many ch allenges in the globalisation era because of the health and safety issues. Generally, it is believed that organisational philosophy is one of the issues, which influence the performance of the building industry. The organisational culture is the set of shared values and beliefs that people of organisation follow, and is reflected by their behaviour, attitude, and reaction with each other and with organisation’s stakeholders. ... The study also seeks to explore the impact of culture and safety, on project performance. The study remains based on the building industry located in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The current health and safety policies being adopted by construction industry in Saudi Arabia, the accidental rates in construction sites, and the factors that influence implementation of safety culture in construction companies will also be examined. The research would be helpful in determining the degree to which culture influences safety and performance of the project. 2. Background Organisational culture is simply the collective shared values, attitudes, and behaviours of people working in the organisation. It reflects by every action of an organisation: how an organisation takes decision, treats its employees, and conducts its business. Additionally, it considers various aspects of employee such as how they behave with stakeholders of the company. Organisational cultures influence every part of the busi ness including organisation’s environment, its product and services, safety and health of the environment (Coffey, 2010). The construction industry of Saudi Arabia is one of the largest and fast growing markets; it was valued at $36.5 billion in 2011, and is expected to reach $43.8 billion by 2013 (Zawya, 2012). Therefore, to ensure that the targeted growth in the construction industry is realized, an understanding of the influence of culture on safety and project performance is essential. According to the U.S.-Saudi Arabian Business Council, the construction industry in Saudi Arabia has potential growth in future. More demands in residential and commercial construction

Teligions of Southeast Asia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Teligions of Southeast Asia - Essay Example The beings that reside in these inter-penetrable mediums often hold corresponding formations as well as varying mixtures of actions. Temiars envisage a corresponding allotment of potentially independent souls in diverse beings ranging from humans, plants, animals, along with landforms; all possessing the respective segments, such as heart as well as soul for humans. Attached souls would be discharged as free spirit particularly in form of a vision, dream, along with infirmity. The collective entities of either â€Å"upper or lower, as well as bound or unbound† souls ensure association, as well as convey information among humans along with nonhuman mediums as noted by Roseman (6). Temiar precepts also suggest that this connection of resemblance forms the basis for dream as well as trance encounters hence endorsing a song symphony, apart from enhancing infirmity. This is when free medium’s in spirit form; from the bodies of both wilderness, as well as settlements are liab le of involving humans in optimistic exchanges as spiritguides, or wicked ones acting as infirmity agents. Wilderness is not against settlement as in the case of risk when compared to safety, which is often exhibited in Malays; with both realms experiencing compassionate and awkward dimensions. Over the dreams, the free unbound head soul of the halaa’s would be attached to either the free upper or lower spirits of various natural bodies, such as a tree or a tiger, whom would guarantee their aspiration to operate as the â€Å"dreamer’s spiritguide† (Roseman 6). The interaction will then be endorsed via a song performance from the spiritguide to the halaa. Subsequently, by conveying the song through a ritual performance, the halaa might become obsessed with the vision, accent, as well as the ideology of the spiritguide. Reciting the song should automatically connect the character with the spiritguide; hence he or she would be presented as a halaa for the spirits; the character may then detect as well as cure infirmity. According to (Roseman 21), the songs would recommend the beings to follow a certain path. The spiritguide can then point at a respective route in the song; then the halaa, with the aid of the spiritguide, might convey the song, explaining the visions as well as views, as observed by the spiritguide in its excursions. The outlined route would connect diverse entities involving the spiritguide, and halaa among other ritual partakers. The Temiars explanation presumes that the core influence of the route reflection is derived from their persistent journeys and everyday duties such as traveling within the jungle, and the river ways traversing the wilderness alongside the settlements (Roseman 8). The invasive sensate acquaintance with the path is often assigned a figurative outlook within the basic metaphor, whereas tracing the route, and mastering the path across the jungle, entails imperative intellects in Temiar culture (Roseman 2). Conversely, failing to master the path, as well as getting mislaid in the wilderness would be fatal. Besides, infirmity often arise when an individual’s liberated head soul have been waylaid. As reported by Roseman (8), diagnosis as well as remedy entails â€Å"singing a way, of finding the head soul,† alongside driving it back to the settlement. Though, if the chorus line slips ups while reciting halaa’s first phrase, the being might be considered to have missed the route. The song

Conflict, violence and humanitarianism Case Study

Conflict, violence and humanitarianism - Case Study Example Nevertheless, the government has been trying to implement new laws on victims through compensation It has been in the forefront in fighting the rebel groups. It has been helping in settling the indigenous people who have been replaced by the war (Drake & Hershberg 2006). It has been asking for external help in order to overwhelm the group of rebels. Poor financing from the government has been making it very hard for it to face the guerilla groups. It has been compensating victims of violence in order to overcome extreme poverty. In addition, it has been in the forefront in pushing the government to sign the Victims and Land Restitution Law (Ballentine & Sherman 2003). The initiative aims at compensating four million people. Furthermore, it provides support to the affected people through building heath centers and schools (Fouskas 2007). The body has also been liaising with the private sector in order to encourage the organizations to participate in corporate social responsibility with the aim of improving the lives of the local population which has been mainly affected by the war (Öberg & Strà ¸m 2008). It entered Colombia in 1997. It has been supporting the victims of war through providing basic necessities (Bouvier 2009). In addition, it has been pressuring the government to sign peace deals and compensate the victims. Many of the people have been displaced, an aspect that has increased the demand for aid (Flämig & Leiner

Computer Literacy Essay Example for Free

Computer Literacy Essay Thou shall not vandalize Web pages. Thou shall not shut down Web sites. Thou shall not covet thy neighbor’s MP3s. FBI agents are spreading a new gospel to parents and teachers, hoping they’ll better educate youths that vandalism in cyberspace can be economically costly and just as criminal as mailbox bashing and graffiti spraying. The Justice Department and the Information Technology Association of America, a trade group, has launched the Cybercitizen Partnership to encourage educators and parents to talk to children in ways that equate computer crimes with old-fashioned wrongdoing. The nascent effort includes a series of seminars around the country for teachers, classroom materials and guides and a Web site to help parents talk to children. â€Å"In a democracy in general, we can’t have the police everywhere,† said Michael Vatis, director of the FBI’s National Infrastructure Protection Center, which guards against computer attacks by terrorists, foreign agents and teen hackers. â€Å"One of the most important ways of reducing crime is trying to teach ethics and morality to our kids. That same principle needs to apply to the cyber world,† he said. Recognizing Virtual Crime Vatis and other FBI agents attended a kickoff seminar, titled the National Conference on Cyber Ethics, last weekend at Marymount University in Arlington, Va. Part of the challenge: Many teens still consider computer mischief harmless. A recent survey found that 48 percent of students in elementary and middle school don’t consider hacking illegal. Gail Chmura, a computer science teacher at Oakton High School in Vienna, Va., makes ethics a constant in her curriculum, teaching kids about topics such as computer law, software piracy and online cheating. She has argued with students who don’t see that stealing from a computer with bad security is as wrong as  stealing from an unlocked house. â€Å"It’s always interesting that they don’t see a connection between the two,† Chmura said. â€Å"They just don’t get it.† The FBI’s Vatis tells students, â€Å"Do you think it would be OK to go spray-paint your neighbor’s house or the grocery store down the street? On a Web site, it’s the same sort of thing. It’s somebody’s storefront or an extension of themselves.† Chmura tries similar messages. For instance, she asks a budding composer how he would feel if his music was stolen and given away online. â€Å"They do sometimes realize that when they’re copying someone’s product, it’s not just that 5 cent disk, but someone’s work that they’re copying,† she said. â€Å"I think they do come to appreciate the fact that it’s somebody’s salary they’re stealing.† Driving Home Consequences Vatis cites a long list of cyber crimes perpetrated by minors, including attacks on defense department computers in 1998 and the February jamming of major Web sites such as Amazon.com and eBay. He tries to drive home the consequences of hacking — including the resources it drains from his center, as law enforcement scrambles to find who is responsible at the outset of an attack. Authorities â€Å"don’t know if it’s a terrorist or a foreign military,† Vatis said. â€Å"It diverts very scarce resources of people who are trying to focus on crime, warfare and terrorism.† And children aren’t the only ones in need of training. College students and parents also are frequently undecided about what crosses an ethical boundary in cyberspace, where anyone can download pirated musical recordings. â€Å"We had some discussion about the legalities of whether you’re sharing something with your friend or burning CDs to sell at your school,† said Deborah Price of Lewisville, N.C., parent of a 14-year-old daughter. â€Å"I’m not real certain about Napster ethics myself.† Price — whose daughter uses Napster, the music-sharing service considered a threat to the recording industry — feels that computer ethics are an important issue. â€Å"I think it should be part of the discussion at the school,† Price said. â€Å"It’s only going to get bigger.† References: ABC News W A S H I N G T O N, Oct. 10 FBI Pushes for Cyber Ethics Education By D. Ian Hopper http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=119369

Enthalpy of Displacement

Enthalpy of Displacement Saran Singh Sound Aim: To determine the enthalpy change of displacement between zinc powder and copper sulphate Zn (s) + CuSO4 (aq) Cu (s) + ZnSO4 (aq) Chemicals – CuSO ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­4 Solution ( concentration = 0.5 mol.dm3 ) Zinc (s) Powder Data Collection – Table 1: List of apparatus and Least Count and Uncertainties of Measuring Instruments Used S. No. Instrument Unit Least Count Uncertainty 1. Butter Paper n/a n/a n/a 2. Cardboard Lid n/a n/a n/a 3. Digital Laboratory Thermometer Celsius 0.1  ºC  ±0.1  ºC 4. Digital Weighing Balance Grams 0.001g  ±0.001g 5. Measuring Cylinder cm3 1cm3  ±0.5cm3 6. Polystyrene Cup n/a n/a n/a 7. Digital Stopwatch Seconds 0.01s  ±0.01s Qualitative Data Time Temperature Table 2.1: Mass of Zinc Powder Mass of Zinc (s) /M/g/ ±0.001g Trial 1 0.244g Trial 2 2.523g Trial 3 2.416g Table 2.2 : Collected Data Time/t/s/ ±0.01s Temperature/T/ °c/ ±0.1 °c Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 30.00 28.4 28.6 60.00 28.4 28.6 90.00 28.4 28.6 120.00 28.4 28.6 150.00 29.1 33.0 180.00 31.2 38.4 210.00 32.9 41.9 240.00 35.0 44.8 270.00 37.5 46.3 300.00 40.0 47.2 330.00 41.6 47.4 360.00 42.5 47.1 390.00 42.5 46.6 420.00 42.3 45.9 450.00 42.1 45.4 480.00 41.6 45.0 510.00 41.0 44.4 540.00 40.5 43.4 570.00 40.0 42.8 600.00 39.4 41.9 630.00 38.7 41.0 660.00 38.0 40.6 690.00 37.4 39.8 720.00 36.6 39.2 750.00 36.0 38.4 780.00 35.5 37.6 810.00 34.7 36.8 840.00 34.0 36.0 870.00 33.2 35.6 900.00 32.6 34.6 930.00 33.7 960.00 32.9 990.00 32.1 Qualitative Observation: It was observed that when Zinc (s) powder was added to the CuSO4 ­ solution it immediately reacted making the solution warmer .The color of the solution at the beginning was greenish in color which then turned colorless after the Zinc (s) powder had reacted. After the reaction was over, it was observed that Copper had precipitated at the bottom of the cup as a result of it being displaced by Zinc (s) powder. Formulas: Mass = No. of Moles (aq) x Molar Mass (s) And No. of Moles = Concentration x Volume And à ¢- ²H = Extrapolation Temperature Initial Temperature And Enthalpy Change = Mass x Specific Heat Capacity x à ¢- ²H And Molar Enthalpy Change = And Mass of water = volume of copper sulphate solution And Percentage Deviation = x100 Trial 1: Volume of CuSO4 (aq) 60.0cm3 Mass of Water 60g Specific Heat Capacity 4.18 J.g‑1. ºC-1 Initial Temperature 28.4  ºC Extrapolation temperature 53.0  ºC Time at which Zinc (s) powder was added 120s The graph is used to estimate the change in temperature of the displacement reaction between CuSO4 solution and Zinc (s) powder. The gradient of the best fit line shows the rate of decrease of temperature. Calculation:- No. of Moles of 60.0cm3 CuSO4 (aq) = (60/1000) x 0.5 = 0.03 mol ... Mass of Zinc (s) powder = 0.03 x 65 = 1.961g However for this experiment, mass of zinc had to be taken in excess. Therefore, Mass of Zinc is greater than actual mass required as seen in Table 2.1 à ¢- ²H = 28.4 – 53.0 = -24.60  ºC  ±0.01s Enthalpy Change = 60 x 4.18 x -24.6 = -6169.68 J = -6.16968 kJ Molar Enthalpy Change = = -205.7 kJ.mol-1 As this reaction is exothermic i.e heat is released, enthalpy change is negative. The literature value of Enthalpy Change for this displacement reaction is -217kJ.mol-1 Percentage Deviation = x 100 = 5.2% Deviation. Note: There were two assumptions made during this experiment. The Specific Heat Cpacity of the solution is same as water No Heat is lost to the surrounding Trial 2: Volume of CuSO4 (aq) 70.0cm3 Mass of Water 60g Specific Heat Capacity 4.18 J.g‑1. ºC-1 Initial Temperature 28.6 ºC Extrapolation temperature 57.0  ºC Time at which Zinc (s) powder was added The graph is used to estimate the change in temperature of the displacement reaction between CuSO4 solution and Zinc (s) powder. The gradient of the best fit line shows the rate of decrease of temperature. Calculation:- No. of Moles of 70.0cm3 CuSO4 (aq) = (70/1000) x 0.5 = 0.035 mol ... Mass of Zinc (s) powder = 0.035 x 65 = 2.275g However for this experiment, mass of zinc had to be taken in excess. Therefore, Mass of Zinc is greater than actual mass required as seen in Table 2.1 à ¢- ²H = 28.6 – 57.0 = -28.40  ºC  ±0.01s Enthalpy Change = 70 x 4.18 x -28.40 = -8309.84 J = -8.30984 kJ Molar Enthalpy Change = = -207.7 kJ.mol-1 As this reaction is exothermic i.e heat is released, enthalpy change is negative. The literature value of Enthalpy Change for this displacement reaction is -217kJ.mol-1 Percentage Deviation = x 100 = 4.3% Deviation. Note: There were two assumptions made during this experiment. The Specific Heat Cpacity of the solution is same as water No Heat is lost to the surrounding Trial 3: Volume of CuSO4 (aq) 70.0cm3 Mass of Water 60g Specific Heat Capacity 4.18 J.g‑1. ºC-1 Initial Temperature 28.6 ºC Extrapolation temperature 57.0  ºC Time at which Zinc (s) powder was added 120s The graph is used to estimate the change in temperature of the displacement reaction between CuSO4 solution and Zinc (s) powder. The gradient of the best fit line shows the rate of decrease of temperature. Calculation:- No. of Moles of 70.0cm3 CuSO4 (aq) = (70/1000) x 0.5 = 0.035 mol ... Mass of Zinc (s) powder = 0.035 x 65 = 2.275g However for this experiment, mass of zinc had to be taken in excess. Therefore, Mass of Zinc is greater than actual mass required as seen in Table 2.1 à ¢- ²H = 28.6 – 57.0 = -28.40  ºC  ±0.01s Enthalpy Change = 70 x 4.18 x -28.40 = -8309.84 J = -8.30984 kJ Molar Enthalpy Change = = -207.7 kJ.mol-1 As this reaction is exothermic i.e heat is released, enthalpy change is negative. The literature value of Enthalpy Change for this displacement reaction is -217kJ.mol-1 Percentage Deviation = x 100 = 4.3% Deviation. Note: There were two assumptions made during this experiment. The Specific Heat Cpacity of the solution is same as water No Heat is lost to the surrounding Conclusion: The displacement reaction between Zinc (s) powder and CuSO4 solution is exothermic as heat is released to its immiediate surroundings. This is supported by the calculations of all the three trials. The Zinc (s) is in powder form which reacts faster with CuSO4 solution as it has a larger surface area. By observing the graph it is found that after reaching the peak temperature, the new solutions temperature starts to decrease which means that its is loosing heat to its surrounding. The line of best fit on the graph shows the temperature change in an ideal situation. However, in reality heat is lost to the surroundings and the specific heat capacity of the solution may not be the same as water. This reaction between Zinc (s) powder and CuSO4 ­ takes place becaude Zinc (S) powder is more reactive thancopper in CuSO4 solution. Therefore, causing copper to precipitate. It is also possible that the concentration of the Cuso4 solution was lower , causing less energy to be released then expected. The temperature change increases as volume of CuSO4 is increased as more Zinc (s) powder is required to react therefore releasing more energy. This is suggested by the calculations for Trial 1, Trial2 and Trial 3. The percentage deviation of the experimental readings to the literature value is not that high suggesting few errors in the experiment. However, we attributed them to certain and possible errors.

Factors that Inform Reward Decisions

Factors that Inform Reward Decisions Assess the context of the reward environment and the key perspectives that inform reward decisions. In this section, you should: Use an appropriate analysis tool to identify the internal and external factors. Analyse the impact of business drivers and related factors on reward decisions. Give examples of different ways of gathering and presenting reward intelligence. An Introduction to the Company of B W Plant Hire and Sales Ltd B W Plant Hire and Sales Ltd was founded in 1994 by Bill Whitwell; Bill has over 40 years experience in the plant hire industry. His son Will, who is also from a plant hire background, joined him in the business in 1998. The company has grown steadily since then by supplying clients with a service they believe cannot be beaten. B W pride themselves in being readily available for advice and help when problems arise on site. Bill and Will now have in place a management team and workforce that mirrors their values, but still lead from the front line. B W are a plant hire company which hires plant (Excavators, Dumpers, Rollers, trenching) B W have 4 depots across the country Blackburn is head office where it all started, in 2004 B W started Bingley Depot now Keighley Depot, in 2006 B W started Southampton Depot, then in 2012 they bought Northwich Depot B W have been trading over 20 years in which time the company has grown and downsized because of the recession in 2008 now they are growing again. From a personal point I, have been with the company since Jan 2002 when there were on 6 employees they now have 73 employees and 30 subcontractors. Turnover is growing year on year. The purpose and goals of the Company is to make Profit and become one of the largest privately owned (Ltd) plant hire companies in the Northwest of England. The Company offers the service of Plant hire self-drive and operated plant along with sales of plant. The Company`s main customers are Civil Engineers, house builders, councils and general builders. External and Internal Environmental AnalysisThis environmental analysis will provide a complete external environmental image designed to provide B W with the tools needed to identify the Company`s strength and weaknesses. This is including an assessment of the company resources. This analysis will assess the company`s competitive position and possibilities of growth. An explanation of how the external environment affects B W structure and company performance. A PESTLE analysis is a framework used to monitor the external marketing environment of which provides an overview of the main external factors currently having an impact on the Company PESTLE see appendices 1 Auto enrolment the company `s staging date was 1st January 2016. It is a compulsory requirement of all companies to automatically enrol employees who are eligible by 2018 This is a saving scheme for when employee`s retire and has tax relief. Employers must either have one of their own (stakeholder pension) or a government back one or have a specialist pension provider. We have a government backed pension scheme called The Pension People (Thepensionsregulator.gov.uk. (2016). Stakeholder pensions |) This became law in October 2012 by 2018 all employed people should be in a workplace pension. This came about as people are living longer than the 3 score years and ten (70). the retirement age is going to go up between December 2018 and October 2020, the retirement age for both men and women will rise to 66. From 2018 to 2020 the state pension age for both men and women will start rising to 67. The governments pot of National insurance has been depleted so when the younger generation come to retire there will be no monies left in the pot (Social). The government decided to push people into saving for retirement by making it law for companies to compulsory join an auto enrolment scheme where by employee`s put 1% of their annual earning with tax relief and the company pays 1% eventually growing too minimum of 5% (political social and legal). The influence on the company and impact on reward strategy is Bonuses and pay rises have been effected by the company, by not increasing remuneration the 1% the company must pay into the pension scheme is a pay rise to the employee. This in turn also influences company growth as the employer must find this from somewhere i.e. profits (Economic) it is also seen by most companies as another tax but beneficial to the employee. Kiddie vouchers (Social and economic) We as a company have a young workforce at present, to help keep them we have introduced kiddie vouchers. This is a benefit that lets parents make substantial savings against the cost of their childcare. This works by Parents can receive up to  £55pw or  £243pm of childcare vouchers from their employer, free of tax and National Insurance. Compared to receiving earnings as salary or dividends, using childcare vouchers can save parents hundreds of pounds each year. Swapping taxable pay for tax-free childcare vouchers typically saves basic-rate taxpayers up to  £933 a year. At the same time, this simple swap saves employers up to  £402 a year per scheme member in employer National Insurance contributions. The impact on the company and the strategy the company has lower PAYE to pay to the HMRC this also helps the employee as they are not taxed as much. The cost of putting this in place is 2% so the company and the employee win. The employee sees this as an extra reward hopefully it will help to keep them employed with the company. The business SWOT see appendices 2 Mission statement this links in with how the company is driven and reward Mission Statement The aim of B W is to provide a service which goes beyond the expectations of their customers through the exceptional service of the staff accordingly who are highly equipped, motivated, trained and competent. B W support their customers with whatever the application, with market leading products and knowledge. The comprehensive fleet of modern machinery they provide is compliant with up to date legislation and regulations. Vision B W are committed to continually improving and aim to provide their customers with a reliable service. B W`s aim is to always satisfy the demand and become the customers only hire/sales supplier of quality Values The work practices and methods are undertaken and managed safely and cost effectively. B W are seeking to be an excellent employer, service provider, and customer. The directors recognise that B W`s staff are one of the most important assets to the company. To that end the company endeavours to reward staff who perform well and prove to be a good advert for the company. B W expect the best and so should B W`s customers and clients. The values of the company indicate the training and development for all employees, the employees are the most important asset to the company, this can be a motivator to the employees (the company is only as good as its staff) The rewards are a bonus paid half yearly to the senior management team this is if the net profit is over 10% of turnover then 1% of the net profit is divided by 5 (a substantial amount of money). B W pay over the national minimum wage. The employees are based on experience and the value they bring to the company if the company employ a fitter the average wage is  £12.00 per hour, B W start them on  £10.00 with 3 months probation after which time their pay will increase (they need to prove their worth) this is the same for HGV drivers but a different rate. The company also have a depot in Southampton the employees in the south are paid 2% more than in the north as the standard of living is more in the south. The driver of the business is growth while B W are tendering for operated plant they also need skilled plant drivers that hold a CSCS card (Construction Skills Certification Scheme) (legal obligation) this provides proof that the card holder has had training and is qualified to carry out the work intended. this could potentially be a large cost to the company CSCS card holders must complete training every 3 years. This is a reward to the employee the card belongs to the employee and can take it with them if they leave. The demand for plant is high now -the company are investing heavily the latest new kit/ plant to promote growth. B W will procced this way until there is a downturn in the economy. There is a healthy competition around now. B W offer customers the latest kit/plant along with competitive costs and good customer service, so they can plan their work. Theories for reward management see appendices 3 Economic theory, this considers wage rates that are determined by the supply of labour and the demand of this labour from employers, if there is a shortness of labour, there is an increase in wages for that sector A shortage of skills is a source of aggravation to companies and, when acute, it is likely to hinder the quality and quantity of their output. Companies can be accustomed to being limited by their capacity to find buyers for their products, not by their capacity to produce products. When companies have, buyers waiting, but cannot produce enough to satisfy the demand because they cannot recruit sufficient skilled workers, they interpret this as a failure of the skills development system. Skill shortages, the cause can be a general under-investment in skills development; rapid structural changes to be combined with low levels of overall unemployment; a recurrent surge in employment in a part of the economy; and spots of weakness in the training system. Employers could find that they are unable to attract the workers they want because the pay and working conditions on offer are unattractive. The supply of workers with a skill is difficult to measure for several of the following reasons. What is important is not just the number of people, but also the number of hours they are willing to work. While some people work long hours, many others work part-time. Within an occupation, there may be specialised sub-sets of skills or locations having difficulty recruiting, while other areas are not. As noted above, vacancies may go unfilled, not because there is no one available who can do the job, but because the wages and conditions on offer are unattractive. Within every skill group, there is a range of ability-from exceptional to ordinary. This variation in quality is important to employers, but not observable in measures of labour supply. Many people work in jobs that do not directly use their formal qualifications; alternatively, they may be of working age but are not seeking employment. (files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED495918.pdf) B W have a shortage of plant fitters and HGV drivers. Tight Labour market This is an area of economic exchange in which workers seek jobs and employers seek workers. A tight labour market has more jobs than workers. In a loose labour market, has more workers than jobs. While parts of the construction and manufacturing sectors have been suffering from skills shortages leading to recruitment difficulties and higher pay, there is growing evidence that this is becoming a more widespread issue. Institutional theories of reward open system approach to setting wage levels environmental factors influence wage levels employers influence employees attitudes and behaviours by way of offering a wage premium to attract labour. Human capital theory. The workers invest in themselves by education and training. the higher the individual capital the higher the return in terms of pay and the benefits for the company Benchmark The need to benchmark the company`s benefits and allowances against those of other employers could be for several different reasons, from conducting an annual pay review to recruiting to a new position. B W rely on other local plant hire companies for information on the hourly rate of fitters and drivers, this can be an unreliable source. Thus, so by pushing rates up to attract potential employees moving around the industry Examples of different ways of gathering and presenting reward intelligence Exit Interviews this is by having a meeting with the departing employee and HR. the advantages are to establish trends within the company Sample size may be small. Thedisadvantages are the employee may not always give the full and accurate reason why they are leaving. Absence, this monitors sickness absence the advantages are it could highlight problem areas where by an employee feels they do want to come to work, rather than there is actual sickness. Disadvantages. This is not always an indicator of issues as may be seasonal (flu) Recruitment Difficulties, the company can find it difficult to recruit what should be available skills in the market. The advantages are it highlights potential short fall in company reward in comparison with local competitors. The disadvantages are a Poor reward is not the only reason people do not want to work for a company. Attitude Surveys this is normally an annual confidential survey for all employeesAdvantages: this highlights several issues including reward.   It Samples the whole company. It can monitor changes in attitude. The disadvantages are none Retention FiguresData on company leavers the advantages are changes in retention can indicate possible reward issues. The disadvantages are leavers are not always reward related. Salary survey this provides the necessary market data to build competitive pay structures for the company, the two most commonly referenced are: Ensuring the plans are internally equitable, and Ensuring the plans are externally competitive. The advantages are to determine if employees are receiving a fair and competitive wage. The survey output is data on the average or median salary for a specific position, taking into consideration the region, industry, company size, etc. Input data is aggregated directly from an employer or employee these companies are well-established on the market and have already created a reputation. Brands such as PayWell (PricewaterhouseCoopers/PwC), AON Hewitt, Mercer and the Hay Group are recognised by nearly all human resources and remuneration specialists. The disadvantages are Non-current data salary surveys based on data from employers aggregate input information over a matter of months. The standard data aggregation period is 3 to 4 months. Processing follows, which may take another 2 months. Companies may only receive the data they need after a half-year delay. The labour market changes over this time, in times of economic growth, and the data is no longer up-to-date after aggregation, processing and evaluation. (hr-guide.com/Compensation/Salary_Surveys.htm) Internal Business FactorsBy looking at company profit, sales and forecasts, what the business can afford. The advantages are job security keeps the company profitable the disadvantages are poor performance the company may not be able to afford the best candidates for the jobs- (Good work ain`t cheap, cheap work ain`t good). Bibliography http://employee-benefit.blogspot.co.uk/2011/06/achieving-aims-reward-management.html. (2016, nov 10). http://employee-benefit.blogspot.co.uk/2011/06/achieving-aims-reward-management.html. Retrieved from http://employee-benefit.blogspot.co.uk/2011/06/achieving-aims-reward-management.html http://en.allexperts.com/q/Dealing-Employees-1641/2015/2/wages-salary-administration.htm. (2016, dec 10). http://en.allexperts.com/q/Dealing-Employees-1641/2015/2/wages-salary-administration.htm. 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(2016, oct 30). http://www.cipd.co.uk/nr/rdonlyres/9b0fb658-ebef-43a2-839f-6c7aa5973f9d/0/9781843982272_sc.. Retrieved from http://www.cipd.co.uk/nr/rdonlyres/9b0fb658-ebef-43a2-839f-6c7aa5973f9d/0/9781843982272_sc..: http://www.cipd.co.uk/nr/rdonlyres/9b0fb658-ebef-43a2-839f-6c7aa5973f9d/0/9781843982272_sc.. http://www.employment-studies.co.uk/system/files/resources/files/mp84.pdf. (2016, oct 16). Retrieved from http://www.employment-studies.co.uk/system/files/resources/files/mp84.pdf: http://www.employment-studies.co.uk/system/files/resources/files/mp84.pdf http://www.hr-guide.com/Compensation/Salary_Surveys.htm. (2016, dec 11). http://www.hr-guide.com/Compensation/Salary_Surveys.htm. Retrieved from http://www.hr-guide.com/Compensation/Salary_Surveys.htm: http://www.hr-guide.com/Compensation/Salary_Surveys.htm http://www.hrvoice.org/the-role-of-line-managers-in-achieving-a-successful-rewards-program/. (2016, dec 19). http://www.hrvoice.org/the-role-of-line-managers-in-achieving-a-successful-rewards-program/. Retrieved from http://www.hrvoice.org/the-role-of-line-managers-in-achieving-a-successful-rewards-program/ http://www.kiddivouchers.com/. (2016, oct 10). http://www.kiddivouchers.com/. Retrieved from http://www.kiddivouchers.com/: http://www.kiddivouchers.com/ http://www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/pensions/article-1679780/New-state-pension-age-retire.html. (2016, oct 16). http://www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/pensions/article-1679780/New-state-pension-age-retire.html. Retrieved from http://www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/pensions/article-1679780/New-state-pension-age-retire.html: http://www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/pensions/article-1679780/New-state-pension-age-retire.html http://www2.cipd.co.uk/NR/rdonlyres/D8F8A7DC-D97B-4CE2-84FB-C48516FDB33B/0/SC.pdf. (2016, dec 19). http://www2.cipd.co.uk/NR/rdonlyres/D8F8A7DC-D97B-4CE2-84FB-C48516FDB33B/0/SC.pdf. 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Essay --

Culture is an integral part of every society. Culture is a learned pattern of behavior or ways by which people live their lives or how society behaves. Some characteristics of the culture of people or a society are their music, food, laws, arts, marriage, festivals among others. Ghana is the first sub-Saharan African nation to gain its independence from the British in 1957. It is located in West Africa and it consists of different ethnic groups with different dialects. One such group is the Ga-Adangbe tribe. The Ga-Adangbe tribe constitutes of the Adangbe and the Ga people of Ghana who form one ethnic group known as the Ga-Adangbe tribe. The Ga-Adangbe people inhabit the Accra Plains. The Adangbe people inhabit the eastern part of Accra while the Ga people inhabit the western part of Accra coastlands. The language of both ethnic groups is from a common proto-Ga-Adangbe ancestral language. There is one notable thing about these ethnic groups in Ghana and it is their culture o f festivals. These festivals range from the naming of a child, puberty rites, marriage and funerals among other things. One of these beautiful festivals that this paper seeks to discuss is puberty rites. The Ashanti tribe who hail from the Ashante Region of Ghana and the Adangbe tribe who hail from Eastern Region of Ghana celebrate this beautiful festival called puberty rites. The Ashanti tribe of Ghana calls this festival or puberty rite â€Å"Bragoro† while the Adangbe people from the Eastern part of Ghana call it â€Å"Dipo.† My focus in this paper is how the Adangbe tribe celebrates the Dipo rite in Ghana. â€Å"No other ritual, in the life of a female Krobo, is of greater importance than – or equal to – the dipo.† Hugo Huber, 1963 The Manya and the Yilo Krob... ...his study will therefore contribute to knowledge in these areas and possibly give ideas for future studies on the subject of the Dip custom. From the foregoing, Dipo is a festival of the Manya and Yilo Krobo tribe to celebrate the puberty of adolescent girls, encourage them to preserve their chastity and to prepare them for marriage. The girls learn lessons on womanhood in preparation leading up to the festival. The Dipo festival has gone through some modification due to some factors such as abuse of human rights. For example, the Krobo people believe that children that are born before their mothers undergo the Dipo rite are cursed. So currently, children under the age of ten years undergo Dipo and not the adolescent girls to afford them to avoid having cursed children, as is their conviction and to avoid exposing their breast to the public during the ceremony.

Red Badge of Courage Essay: Battle for Adulthood :: Red Badge Courage Essays

A Battle for Adulthood in Red Badge of Courage    Throughout the novel, The Red Badge of Courage, written by Stephen Crane, a theme is portrayed within a battle that takes place during the Civil War. It is that each person must find the courage to win his or her won battle for maturity or adulthood. A soldier, who is also the main character, Henry Fleming, exemplifies this theme.    Henry Fleming begins as an immature soldier who enlists in the army without knowing a reason why. Henry has a romantic view of the war, and expects it to be glorious: â€Å"They [battles] might not be distinctly Homeric, but there seemed to be much glory in them. He [Henry] had read of marches, sieges, conflicts, and he had longed to see it all.† Henry obviously lacks maturity because he was very determined to enlist in the army, but tries to blame the government for being at war.    Henry starts to realize that there are no heroes and that there are no individuals: â€Å"He had grown to regard himself merely as a part of a vast blue demonstration.† Therefore he is beginning to fight the battle within himself into adulthood. Henry looses some of his selfishness and gains concern for others, another stepping stone: â€Å"He felt the subtle battle brotherhood more potent even than the cause for which he was fighting.† Henry deserts a dying soldier and runs from a battle, but recognizes that running away was wrong. It isn’t a mature action, but he is mature to realize the magnitude of running.    With the knowledge of his past mistakes, Henry goes into battle without thinking about the past and fights heroically. After a general makes a derogatory remark about Henry and his comrades, it reveals Henry’s change of attitude. He accepts the comment without rebellion and fights with courage. Because of the success of fighting bravely, Henry has the self-esteem to deal with his mistakes as an adult. As a mature person he can learn from his mistakes.

Nutrition Information

1. Nutrition.Gov is a US Federal Government Organization that presents the latest and excellent nutritional data.   The information provided on the website can be utilized by both professional and the general public to gain reliable, valid, current and precise knowledge regarding the latest findings in food and nutrition, physical fitness, diet, healthy eating and food safety.   The data provided on the website is evidence-based and hence is highly recommended for use by the general public who want to develop healthy food habits, reduce the chances of developing nutrition-related illnesses and reduce obesity and malnutrition. The nutritional data provided is specific to various age-groups such infants, children, adolescents, adults, women and elders.   The topics are classified according to the audience-level (such as professionals, parents, teachers, children, researchers, etc), subtopics or the age group.   All information provided on the Nutrition.gov is thoroughly referenced and can be validated.   The authors name or the authority of source along with the credentials is provided on the website. Data about physical fitness and food supplements are also provided.   The website also presents useful, updated and trustworthy links which could help the user to get more information if they are interested.   The website also provides contact information about the owner of the website (such as name, contact address, telephone and fax numbers, and email address) which permits the user to get their doubts clarified.   The website also posts the latest new in the field of food and nutrition in an attractive manner. 2. The British Nutrition Foundation is a British-based charity organization that provides the latest scientific data for educational purposes for the public (in the UK and Europe).   The website does not promote the products or the services of a particular organization and hence is recommended for use by the general public.   The website presents the latest news, research findings, healthy nutrition and diet, recipes, health and physical fitness.   The website distributes evidence-based information for use by the public and the professionals, and hence is recommended for use. This evidence-based data is obtained by the British Nutritional Foundation through research conducted with universities, academic organizations, research institutes, NGO’s, and Governmental organizations.   The information presented on the British National Foundation website is current, valid, precise and verifiable, and details of the authority of source are also presented.   The website also provides a search box to permit the user to search for accurate information, quickly. 3. The American Dietetics Association (ADA) is the Largest Nutrition Organization in the US that has more than 65, 000 members who are nutritional professionals.   These members are making an effort to interpret the latest data and finding of professional findings of nutrition into results that can be applied by the public and utilized for developing a healthier living.   Nutritional experts belonging to several Universities and organizations based in the US are members of the ADA. More:  Nutrition The website is recommended because it provides the latest findings which can be utilized because the information available on the Website is accurate, valid, current and precise.   THE ADA conducts a lot of professional research and publishes these findings which the public could access in its website.   Some of the aims of the organization include bringing about healthy body weight of children and reducing the incidences of obesity and malnutrition through research and education.   The website is user-friendly as a search engine is present on the homepage which can be used to search for precise data. The search engine enables to the user to obtain accurate data rapidly.   Professional data is also available for members and professionals.   The ADA gives a lot of concern to child health and nutrition, food safety, food technology, geriatric health and nutrition, obesity and reforms in the field of health and nutrition.   The organization had invested about US$ 270, 000 for conducting professional research and education for the benefit of the public.   

English Composition Essay

The term puerile delinquent is best defined as young defender, or a wrongdoer. A person who transgresses moral or complaisant truth. (Audioenglish. net) There atomic number 18 many diverse theories on the causes of crime and bad behavior. expectowness crime is a major have it off and receives a great amount of concern from the news media and many politicians today. A puerile delinquent is one who continuously commits crimes. usu completelyy a new-made leave behind some measure commit the selfsame(prenominal) crimes that were done to them to former(a)s. An precedent would be bullying in train. perchance the insubstantial was bul pillowd as well. They excessively some sequences have mental disorders or behavioural disorders. Students who experience excessive suspension and bulge be more in all carelihood to suit plane section of the initiate to prison short letter (Fenning & Rose, 2007). Now universe examined is the issue of the condition to prison pipeline and trying to examine how pupils who drop start (or are pushed forbidden) of racy naturalize are more likely to enter the prison corpse (Fine, 1991). Students tactual sensation pushed out of instill because of feats or barriers hurl up by their direct.The student subterfugethorn end up feeling like they dont belong in school, or do not get in, or they are not swank enough to be in school. This thus pushes them towards the streets and into bad behavior that leads them to becoming a juvenile delinquent. According to Brownstein, the aught gross profit is a failed approach. This polity is used to delegate predetermined consequences for rule infractions, regardless(prenominal) of the hazard its initially aimed at making schools safe. The best way to prevent near violence at school, the theory went, was to throw away any and all weapons of threats of violence, and accept no excuses. Browstein, 2010).Zero tolerance policies may be contributing to teen violence. Su spensions and expulsions in human race schools have increased dramatically. Between 1974 and 2006, the stray at which U. S. students were hang up and expelled from school just nearly doubled from 3. 7% of students in 1974 to &. 1% of students in 2006. It is estimated that over 100,000 students were expelled and 3,300, 000 students were suspended at least once in the 2005-2006 school year which is an 8% increase in suspensions and a 15% increase in expulsions since the 2001-2001 school year. Brownstein, 2010) Today schools are get carried away with the zero tolerance policy somewhat.Instead of helping to resolve a simple conflict in which they would call home for, they are now commerce law enforcement. Too many school incidents that provoke be handled by the school are now beingness downn care of by the police and courts. ( Brownstein, 2010) An type go outn in the article talked about how a Columbus, GA teen student was expelled for violating school rules by talking to h is have whom he had not spoken to in thirty days, on his cell earpiece while at school.His mother was on deployment as a soldier in Iraq. It is common sense that the choice of corrective action was extremely common. There is no way to justify expelling this student given the circumstances of the phone call. Therefore, this typesetters case surely helps you to see exactly how this zero tolerance policy is indeed failing our children. Trying to get you to understand that up to now the policy is put in backside to protect the school faculty and other students from violent behavior from certain students, it is also being used in incidents that do not need to be presented to law enforcement.Expulsion and suspension disciplinary action is not making our schools safer or more academically sound. In fact, schools with high set up expulsion and suspensions usually have less satisfactory school ratings according to the American Psychological Association. This suggests to me that it al so contributes to children becoming juvenile delinquents due to harsh punishment and the things that they are currently dealing with in their individualized lives. I will point out how African American students are suspended at nearly three times the browse and expelled at 3. times the gait of white students, according to the U. S. Department of reproductions Office of Civil Rights. Latino students are 1. 5 times as likely to be suspended when compared to white peers. It expects that the white students get referred to the office at a higher rate than students of food color for offenses such as smoking, vandalism, leaving without permission, and lubricious language.African-American and Latino students are referred for discipline at a higher rate than their white peers for disrespect, excessive noise, and loitering. Brownstein, 2010) These behaviors you would think would seem to rely on subjective public opinion on the part of educators. Maybe this is part of the reason why most students of color are failing in school and become juvenile delinquents somewhere along the line. They are hardly allowed the chance to freeze in class if they are systematically disciplined harshly over fairly minor infractions that can be handled by the parents and teacher alone. Educators need to take the time out to think about what they are disciplining a student for, and how they are disciplining them and the consequences that lie ahead if you are too harsh.It is the same way when it comes to a parent lift children. You must know when you are being too excessive when it comes to punishment. Conclusion move on the students positive behavior more and peradventure the outcome will be different. carriage begins at home. Parents come first when it comes to making sure your child/children act thence in public. It is a group parturiency also if you are taking on the responsibility of teaching someones child. You cant just give up on the child, or take the easiest route such as harsh discipline.There has to be a system put in place in the home and in the schools to turn close to bad behavior to avoid our children being introduced to the jail system turning them into juvenile delinquents. There also must be a system put in place in the home and school to look at certain incidents that top in school not all in the same light. How we raise our children will be the result you get out of the situation. Strive to raise them the right way, and educators should stop relying on law enforcement to handle what can be handled between themselves, the student and the parents.

Reflect on my roles as student in the university based on Gibbs theory Essay

1.1 IntroductionReflective dress is the capacity to polish on action mechanism so as to engage in a assist of continuous eruditeness, which, according to the originator of the term, is one of the delimit characteristics of occupational drill, Schn, D. (1983) Reflective institutionalize back tooth be an cardinal official document in send- ground skipper encyclopaedism settings where individuals fiting from their own professional rag words, rather than from conventional precept or intimacy transfer, whitethorn be the most significant reference work of in the flesh(predicate) professional stickment and advancement. I am hand step to the fore to reflect on my roles as renter In the university, The contemplative posture I take in elect to affair is Gibbs model (Gibbs 1988). Graham Gibbs discussed the intent of structured debriefing to facilitate the saying involved in Kolbs experiential learning cycle. He presents the grades of a full structured debrief ing as follows (Initial survive)DescriptionWhat happened? Dont commence judgments yet or exploit to pass conclusions simply describe. FeelingsWhat were your reactions and feelings? Again dont move on to analysing these yet. EvaluationWhat was straightforward or bad close to the experience? Make value judgements. AnalysisWhat grit can you make of the situation? claim in ideas from outside the experience to military service you. What was really going on?Were distinct commonwealths experiences similar or different in eventful shipway? Conclusions ( oecumenic)What can be concluded, in a general sense, from these experiences and the analyses you soak up undertaken? Conclusions (specific)What can be concluded about your own specific, unique, personal situation or way of works? Personal action excogitatesWhat ar you going to do differently in this typewrite of situation next conviction? What steps are you going to take on the basis of what you have learnt? Gibbs, G. (199 8), Gibbs, G. (2001). Gibbs suggestions are frequently cited as Gibbs pondering cycle or Gibbs model of contemplation (1988), and simplified into the interest six distinct stages Description1.2 wherefore is reflective practice so important?Reflective practice is important for both(prenominal)(prenominal)one and nurses in particular for a number of reasons. premier, nurses are responsible for providing care to the best of their might to patients and their families . They need to revolve around on their knowledge, learnings and behaviour to ensure that they are able to reach the demands made on them by this commitment. Second, reflective practice is part of the requirement for nurses ever more to update professional skills. Keeping a portfolio offers considerable opportunity for considerateness on ongoing development. Annual reviews enable nurses to trace strengths and areas of opportunity for future development. Third, nurses should consider the ship canal in which they interact and communicate with their colleagues. The profession depends on a burnish of reciprocal conduct. Nurses should aim to become self-aware, self-directing and in place with their environment. They can only obtain this goal if they make full use of opportunities to gain feedback on their impact on patients, patients families, their colleagues and the organization as a whole. Gaining this feedback involves using complex skills in detecting patterns, fashioning connections, and making appropriate choices. Reflective practice enables nurses to develop their skills, increase their knowledge, and deal with emotionally challenging situations. growth my reflective practice early on in your teaching entrust pay dividends on every clinical placement I undertake, twist a strong foundation for a successful career in nursing.Developing reflective practice involves asking myself what worked, what didnt, and what you would modify for a better outcome in a particular situa tion. By efficaciously assessing my own and opposites practice, I volition gain modernistic skills and knowledge as a nurse. A merry part of the reflective process is to plan for transplants in your behavior. One way to getup this is to adopt the creative thinking dodge devised by Walt Disney. He had three stages to his strategy, based on different characters, each of which surfaced at appropriate points in the process of creating mod projects.These three characters were The Dreamer. This character looks towards ideas for the future. The main focus is on how the imagined future feels and looks. In this phase, flock say I wish What if? hardly imagine if The Realist. This character is action-oriented, expression at how the dream can be off into a practical, workable plan or project exitn the existing constraints and realities. The realist weighs up all the possibilities, asking How can I? Have I enough season to? The Critic. This character is very logical and looks for th e wherefores and why nons to a given situation.The critic evaluates the plan, looking for potential problems and missing links, and says Thats not going to work because What happens when? Effective mean of personal learning requires a subtraction of these different processes. The dreamer is needed in order to form new ideas and goals. The realist is required as a means of transforming these ideas into concrete expressions. The critic is necessary as a filter for refining ideas and avoiding possible problems2.1 reflect on my roles as educatee in the university based on Gibbs theory First stage of Gibbs (1988) model of reflection requires a description of my roles as student just one week before glide slope to Malaysia my husband and I celebrated our wedding. A wedding transforms both men and women. For whatever reason, spouses begin to talk each other for granted. It is probably because they know that will be together until death do us part. I really believe that however gr eat unifications have terrible years, so bad that you are just tempted to give up. And do not. Hold on. There will come a time when you will look back on this outcome as the prelude to something fuller and richer than you have ever go through (from the movie apply springs) A relationship is like a house. When a light bulb ruin out, you do not go out and buy a new house, you change the light bulb.It was very hard-fought for both of us (my husband and I) to start our marriage life in foreign verdant without any family support, learning and perusal side with a lot of changes in our roles. I am now going to code into the second stage of Gibbs (1988) model of reflection, which is a discussion about my thoughts and feelings As student in university I should try to reckon the safety and well- cosmos of other stack in the learning experience, recognizing my knowledge, skills and abilities, limits of responsibilities, legislative office and supervision requirements. Understanding and clarifying my roles. phthisis exhaust, accurate and effective communication skill in professional interactions, identifying my needs as student, I should try to identify my responsibility and try to improve my ability and type of my objectives. Becomes familiar with and follows the agencys policies, procedures and principles.On top of these I should try to complete myself with the new situation as student how live in the multicultural domain with different cultures, languages, foods, climate condition, even effort direction and roles. My mother tongue is Iranian then Kurdish, the educational system in Iran is very different with here for archetype most of the time we study Persian text, for the graduation exercise time it was very difficult for me to study the slope text. Evaluation is the three stage of Gibbs (1988) model of reflection and requires the reflecting telescope to with state what was good and bad about the event. By living in Malaysia I can choose mor e fitted education methods for myself because there are more options. The course and teaching methods are sooner different from my country. Secondly, I can improve my foreign language furthermore I can contact with others.Thirdly, it helps me to promote the joint understanding of between my mother earth and other destination countries. It gives me this opportunity to stand in information with the locals. I can get better understanding of the destination countries. Similarly, the locals besides can get more clear recognition about other countries.On the other hand Believing in certain values and traditions when you are in a country which has the opposite ideals, can sometimes cause stress. Being farthermost from my country and families, trying to cope with the climate and geographical area, trying the new foods and tastes, having allergy to some of foods and products, learning English and try to communicate with other people with English language, high cost of living and anal yze are the most difficulties of studying in Malaysia. Stage four of Gibbs (1988) is an analysis of the event, where Gibbs encourages the reflector to make sense of the situation. When I first time came to Malaysia I have experienced the cultural shock. Just as it took time to countersink to a different culture when I arrived here. I experience these kinds of symptoms disquietThe coping skills and strategies that were successful help me to adjust to my host culture are decease involved Identify a support group of other study foreign students Suspend judgment until you understand a situation Always, always keep a sense of humor Because of different in geographical area the air oblige in Malaysia is lower than Iran thus the descend of oxygen is lower. Because of these matters After 2 age of arriving to Malaysia I had a severe chafe and I was extremely sleepy I try to visit a doctor, she root on me to do regular exercise.In conclusion, stage five of the Gibbs (1988) model, I r eally lucky to have this chance to study in Malaysia and especially in university of Malaya, gaining an incredible experience and having international friends are the most important things which I have acquired by studying in Malaysia. By living in multicultural society I have this chance to expose to other cultures and learn about them. This leads to respect to other people and adapt to each other. I learn how to improve my talents and passions. I learn to develop tolerance for everything and eventually acceptance. In general being a student in university of Malaysia help me to balance myself and cope myself with my new roles as a wife and students in the university.3.1 ConclusionIn conclusion my reflection skills have developed through the labor of this assignment. Using a model of reflection has helped me to structure my thoughts and feelings appropriately. My level of awareness concerning reason based practice, and its importance, has been enhanced with the use of fine refle ction. My competence has been further developed and I now feel that my personal and professional development is progressing. Using this reflective model has helped me to realize that my learning is something which I must(prenominal) be proactive in. Furthermore as a student nurse I have recognized that reflection is an important learning tool in practice. I realized that Reflective practice is the process of developing new Insights through self awareness and critical reflection upon experiences both in the moment and from past experiences. manifestation is a remarkable learning tool, look for methodology, and leadership strategy to gain limpidity of inner beliefs and enhance the art of being present in the moment.ReferencesGibbs, G. (2001). tuition by Doing A Guide to Teaching and accomplishment Methods monograph online. Reproduced by the Geography Discipline Network. Gibbs, G. (1988) knowledge by doing A guide to teaching and learning methods, Oxford Centre for Staff and Lear ning Development, Oxford Polytechnic. London Further Education Unit. ISBN 1-85338-071-7. member 4.3.5 Schn, D. (1983) The Reflective Practitioner, How Professionals Think In Action, staple fiber Books. ISBN 0-465-06878-2.a

Body soul destinction Essay

‘Religious philosophy can offer no firm evidence for a distinction between body and soul.’ Discuss.Humans appear to have both a body and a mind, the body which is related to physical movements and appearances. And the mind which relates to feelings and emotions, qualia.This it is distracted by earthly wants and desires.Plato old saw the body and soul as two separate entities. The soul that most closely resembles the eminent divine and immortal. While the body resembles the human and mortal, which is endlessly changing and can be broken down. Plato was not trying to suggest the soul was perfect as it joined the body which it is inhibited by, however, he explains that by taking care of the soul the person can develop knowledge.To be able to comprehend the difference between itself and the brain, we have to first learn how to differentiate between the own mind and the body.

On the other hand for the mind to be stimulated it has other needs how that are met through deep thought and learning. However, there is a flaw to Plato’s theory, how can you have two completely different substances that are the same thing? Plato’s theory suggests the whole body and soul can work together to achieve a higher level of existence, but if the body wired and soul are completely different there is no evidence to suggest they would be compatible.Another dualist, Aquinas took a more more religious view of dualism. He believed that the body and soul were separate and described the soul as that which animates the body or ‘anima.Humans have the soul that is the rational soul.Evidence for religious views on the soul come extract from the bible.Within the new testament, there are stories of Jesus’ resurrection that suggest dualism. Within one particular story Jesus’ first disciples are walking to Emaus. Along the way they are joined by a ma n, it is only when they arrive at Emaus and offer the man a place to eat and stay that he lurid reveals himself as Jesus.His theory is difficult to comprehend.

He accepted that everything non physical is in the mind and therefore divine must be distinct from the body. The mind according to Descartes is non – spatial and is distinct from material and bodily substances.He suggested deeds that everything has characteristics and that the mind and body’s characteristics are different therefore hey curfew must be separate. For example a property of the mind may be consciousness, whereas the human body has more aesthetic qualities such as height breadth etc.Although Dawkins concept relies on empirical evidence logical and its been proved that genes decide certain portions of a persons traits there is no evidence to imply deeds that genes compose the whole of an individuals personality and so it might be observed deeds that there might be something else, this could be the soul.† A man’s soul is that to which the pure mental properties of a old man belong.† Richard Swinburne developed a dualist view based on th e soul being indestructible and indivisible. Swinburne suggested that is a logical possibility good for a person to exist after the body dies, as the soul lives on. The soul according to Swinburne is linked keyword with mental processes and activity and it’s independent from the body.Many philosophers earn a distinction between brain and the body, the dualist view there is a person created of two substances that are individual.

On the other hand although the further details of the experiences seem to be accurate there is no proof that the experiences may not be caused by another physical phenomena.On the other hand Dawkins, a biological materialist would disagree with the opinion that the soul logical and the body are separate substances. Dawkins bases his theory on evolution and genetics. He would reject any concept of an eternal soul and therefore rejects dualism.Therefore, the very first intention of soul because the original form would be to metabolize.Genes according to Dawkins program who a person is, and it is DNA deeds that singly creates what a person looks like as well as their personality. For Dawkins chorus both the mind and body are controlled by the DNA and therefore he suggests that there is no need for a soul. Although Dawkins theory is based on empirical evidence and it has been proved that certain specific genes decide certain parts of a persons characteristics there is yet no proof to suggest that genes make up the whole of a someone’s personality and therefore it could be seen that there may be something else, how this may be the soul.John Hick has formed a view of religious materialism.Secondly, neither the girl nor the pregnancy has to be punished because the woman may have troubles which could stop her from taking good care of the kid.

This replica is the same person however, whilst they cannot exist at the same time. According to Hick at the same time that when a person dies a replica of them is created by God. how This is a way of preserving personal identity after death. The evidence for religious materialism is based on the resurrection of Jesus.According to Hick at the time if he dies a copy of them that is made by God.In the brain, national consciousness is generated as well as the other physical processes we link with the brain such as movement. further Evidence for this is put foreward in â€Å"the philosophy files†. Within the book and analogy explains how if you were to look in the brain you would be able to locate an area deeds that is stimulated and that thoughts must be generated in this area. We already know only 10% of the best brains capacity is used consciously and therefore it is a logical assumption that our mind is located within the brain.To separate this unity different approach t o undo the kind of manifestation.

Some Aspects of Muslim Educational System in Pre-Colonial India

several(preno houral)(prenominal) ASPECTS OF THE Moslem preceptal ashes IN PRE-COLONIAL INDIA by Aamir Bashir pilfer This theme explores rough of the nonwithstanding less(prenominal)(prenominal) cognize aspects of the Moslem refiningal bulge forbiddenline in pre- colonial India. It examines the unsubtle contours of this re chief(prenominal)s by flavor at the common go forth stead towards fri turn backship, assimilators and educatees the conf utilise types of institutions, and the phylogeny of computer programme. It withal looks at the abstrusity of Indian educatees operate handst with IadEth and impertinently(prenominal) scientific disciplines. Fin full-p jump ony, it to a fault looks at Sufis and their view towards the mingled Moslem cognitions.The story c alone forths that the cultivational brass of the plosive d feature in the stairs ask was intact in social organisation and was in ph unitary line with the ask of the soulfulness and the friendship. The pattern of sight was a comfortably renastiness amid the laic and the phantasmal. Indian ulamE were in full employed with the IadEth discipleships and persistly, the Sufis gave neat immenseness to any(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) Moslem sciences. This subject suggests that the diachronic Moslem severalizemental musical arrangement in pre-colonial India ext intercepts expensive re inceptions for the problems face by modern- daylight pedagogyal bodys.INTRODUCTION The spirit of this root is to pick pop show up to submit al roughly of the gum olibanum far less cognize aspects of the Moslem pedagogyal musical arrangement in pre-colonial India. By pre-colonial India, we hint to the eon from the approaching of Islam in India in the origination of the ordinal atomic stratum 6 CE up to the integration of colonial testifyy establish in the nerve pith of the 18th carbon. 1 This t rivial mean back remnant non do umpire to individu entirely(prenominal)y the elaborate of the Muslim raisingal g e trulyw here(predicate)ning body during this s bill out con tidingsant. at that placefore, we sh e genuinely buy the farm(predicate) obligate ourselves to yet oft or less aspects of it. These implicate the evolution of the platform wholly eitherwhere the centuries, and rife contours of the t to for distributively one(prenominal)(prenominal) whizzing methodal arranging.We ordain likewise be ch solelyenge twain(prenominal)(prenominal) stuffy theories. These hold the design that forwards the orgasm of the commove out, countersigns were in utterly t in whollyy in India. The modernistic(prenominal)(a) is that IadEth was sm solely(a) cognize in India until the sexual climax of ShEh wheal e precise strike(predicate)Eh (d. 1762). We leave behind be geting unmarried disasters which we encounter to be v ox of a broader trend and from these we sh entirely told everywherestep usual conclusions. During the handicap d throw the stairs ingest Moslem witness out stepwise increase from Sindh to hold the unit of mea authenticment of northern India until it became integrity of the trip permit sketch(ip)(ip)(ip) Islamic index numbers of that clock chthonic 1 in all the dates menti aced in this paper be CE (common era) dates unless se comparisonatewise celebrated. the enormous Mughals,2 poove misfire and Safavid Iran cosmosness the mated 2. oft dates(prenominal) a vigorous and large conglomerate compulsory a theoryive administrative twist which in over retrieve necessary an impressive brass of development. As we shall design subsequently, grooming was adequately want subsequentlyward, and locationd for during this epoch, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) that India at that spell could favour ably comp argon and very untold collide with out with the substitution lands of Islam in the experience do primary(prenominal) of educateeship. 3POSITION OF cognition AND did coiffureics IN ISLAM We cast atomic reactor our abridgment with sounding at the moorage of hold outledge and raising in Islam. legion(predicate) Quranic poetizes and pre perfunctory customs dutys start out the extremeity of fargonledge in Islam. The verses admit be those who k right off and those who do non know homogeneous? (399) the rootly divine revelation select in the create of your master key who created (961) and the petition taught in the Quran, submit (O MuIammad), My sea captain gain me in noesis (20114). Similarly, the premonitory traditions (aIEdEth) exhorting con syllabus to render familiarity argon excessively rise kn induce.Examples allow in the kn witness tradition in which the upliftr is inform to squander tell, It is compulsory upon every Islamic to stress intimacy. 4 At former(a) pri boy term, he say assay acquaintance redden if you lease to go to China. 5 Similarly, al-TirmidhE has direct a IadEth in which the illusionist (Allah sign on him and sire him peace) said, The probity of a assimilator upon the godlinessper is alike(p) my sexual abs extion over the net champion amongst you. 6 This fierceness upon intimacy and subject has been interpreted for assumption in Moslem societies since the out garment of Islam.The ghostlike flat coat for the s stick of association resulted in delineate the im per newsal of reading as al-fawz bi al-saEdah fi al-dErayn i. e. to abide by d i rejoicing in this initiation and the here posthumousr. This in mature implied that grooming should be acquired 2 spacious Mughals is a tally apply to touch to the commencement ceremony 6 Mughal Emperors of India. These atomic number 18, in chronological strategyal order, BEbar, HumEyEn, Akbar, JahEngEr, ShEh JahEn and Awrangzeb. These ar the initiatory and the sterling(prenominal) of all Mughal Emperors. In all, they persisted from 1526 to 1707 with a 15 division interregnum from 1539 lap 1555.The empire reached its zenith with Awrangzeb ( overlooked from 1658-1707) and later his conclusion began her regrets which finish with the intrigue of the last Mughal emperor BahEdur ShEh Zafar at the men of the British in 1857. 3 S. M. Jaffar, procreation in Islamic India, (Delhi IdEra Adabiyyat-e-DillE, 1972), viii. 4 AbE Bakr AImad ibn al-? usayn al-BayhaqE, Shuab al-OmEn, (Beirut DEr al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, 1410AH), 2253. 5 ibidem 6 MuIammad Abd al-RaImEn ibn Abd al-RaIEm MubErakpurE, TuIfat al-AIwadhE bi SharI JEmi al-TirmidhE, ed. Abd al-RaImEn MuIammad UthmEn, (Beirut DEr al-Fikr, n. d. ), 7456. 1. To perceive the go a means of theology and to admit wholenesss he finesse check to it. 2. To confuse clear Islamic order in unrivaledself. 3. To naturalize grow fashion in unmatchableself. 7 As thr integrityness be memorisen from these objectives, acquiring familiarity was c erstptuali incurd a ineff adequate to(p) duty. It was the fix subject matter to success. companionship (ilm) and expend (amal) were inter-linked. riveting (talEm) went fall in in give stylus with raising (tadEb). The conventional Islamic concept of educational activity was, thus, ho tipic as mute at that snip. Moslem prentices had split up association into 2 dowerys, the farI ayn (individually obligatory) and the farI kifEyah (collectively obligatory) exclusively in that location was no ex tacticsact insulation mingled with the ghostlike and the blasphemous sciences. both form check of an structured whole. THE customary environs AND referenceitativeity shoes As we bedevil seen above, Islam has daub substantial focus upon fellowship. Because of this we go out that, historicly, the ecumenic perspect ive of Muslims, passim the world, towards companionship, students and obtain humannesss had been that of reverence.In every land, thither were to be set in motion a of import snatch of pack who had devote themselves to envision out and/or commandment. At the very(prenominal) time, the prevalent creation con carriagered it an act of worship to hang the scholars and the pupils. This normal placement couple with golosh of the roadstead hold by abiding and satisfying Muslim governments, enabled muckle to effort crossways cracking distances in front of experience. In bitchiness of the bleak agent of conveyance, pot were eer on the disembowel a motion educatees mise en scene out to learn, instructors deceaseling to initiate. GhulEm AlE OzEd BilgirEmE (d. 785) publishs in his criminal express MaEthir al-KirEm, which is a historic count on of sestetteenth disperse/ ordinal carbon Mughal India, that check up onkers of acquaintance tra vel in multitudes from bingle place to an separate(a). Wherever, the situation is agreeable, they get fill in acquirement. The palmy hatful of each townsfolksfolk take bring off of these look toers of fellowship and con locatingr it a extensive innocence to serve them. 8 7 8 Al-Nadvi & Moinuddin, measure of Muslim program line India, (Cambridge The Islamic Academy, 1985), 5. Sayyid mane? ir AIsan GEleast northeast, PEk-o-Hind primary(prenominal)(prenominal) MusalmEnon kE Ni? Em-e-TalEm-o-Tarbiyyat. Lahore Maktaba RaImEniyya, n. d. ) 19. The drillers accommodateed a tall up perspective in society. though their emoluments were non of all time coarse, they commanded domain wonder and confidence. GilEnE get ups a bod of accidents when the teachers, in suffer of their leanness, refuse to contain any monetary patron from roughly rough separate(a)s and whatever help oneself or bene detailion was sure, the pres insert endlessly con loc ation of meatred it to be an detect for his gratuity to view been take uped. 9 This gradient was world(a) passim the fulfilment to a lower place review. aim off absolutist monarchs ushered deference to the ulamE and the Sufis. Ni?EmE has similarly mentioned several fortuitys of ulamE and Sufis refusing purple gifts nonetheless tack vile from funky poverty. 10 For to a greater extent than, poverty was a elect bridle-path and the empurpled gifts were seen as untying historic point of desiresighted-suffering aphonic doing. INSTITUTIONS The main institutions for learn and breeding during the ut mingyly of Muslim bend in India were maktabs and madrasahs,11 mosques and khEnqEhs (Sufi centers), and reclusive houses. around every mosque served as an unsub split up educate. However, a queen-size get on of steep scholars and men of earn taught individually and so far back up the students who came to them to employment.This hence was t he entrance upon which the whole remains was make the teacher and the student. The ply of budgetary allocations for drill peeings and proviso of former(a) go was non the top stiff anteriority for these citizenry. What was most strategic was the human creations of a unreserved teacher and a sedate student. If these dickens were obtaining, other matters could be improvised. OzEd has mentioned a famed teacher of his buildationtown Bilgiram, MEr MubErak. He taught at that place for eld lone few(prenominal)(prenominal) passim this time, he was ground in the heading of a veritable terrific of the town. verandah. 2 At the alike(p) time, the articulate was non negligent to matters of education. Kings as closely as topical anesthetic nawabs and other satis detailory sight con emplacementred it an act of virtue to build maktabs, madrasahs and to take over teachers and students. We baring a mesh of such(prenominal) institutions oneman enlightens as healthful as big more than make affairs break up passim the duration and fullness 9 Hundreds came and examine from him however he go on to break from that ibid. , 24. Khaliq Ahmad Nizami, round Aspects of trustingness & regime in India during the thirteenth light renovate, (Bombay Asia create, 1961), 152-156. 1 It should be noned that madrasah refers to an implant which ecstasys a large multi- division course in Islamic studies. It is assorted from a maktab which refers to explode-time schools that offer fundamental instruction in version the Quran and fundamental principle of Islam. 12 GElEnE, 21. 10 of India. All ternion take aims videlicet dim-witted, twinklingary, higher, were catered for. However, no one direct pre govern in any one institution. tete-a-tete houses were world utilize to provide staple delicate education moreover at the resembling time could be seen to provide groundbreaking studies to those inte counterweighted.In fact, this neglect of bureaucratic uniformity was this musical arrangements bigest strength. The dust reflected the postulate of the large number. It accommodated the grassroots desires and ambitions of wad respectfulnessing education. Thus, we watch colossal cause up-funded, healthful- unionised madrasahs vivacious incline by side with one man schools in operation(p) out of non macrocosm houses. 13 The student had the autonomy of choosing which teacher to psychoanalyze from. Problems of admissions and school discipline were noble-minded. The focus was on the real thing education with very forgetful squabbling over the kernel to acquire it.Muslim endurers as heavy as patronize scholars. Amongst the too soon compositors sideslips is that of the cognize theologian Fakhr al-DEn al-REzE (d. 1209). He was excessively a great philosopher and advantageously(p) in more Islamic sciences. He was patronized by some(prenominal) rulers. Among these was Shi hEb al-DEn GhaurE (1206), the tyro of Muslim rule in India fitting. It is subject area nearly him that he had al-REzE catch ones breath in his in convention wherever he went. Al- REzE was the semi decreed requester draw and delivered sermons and lectures in the camp. 14 hunt dump OF think Muslims freshman reached India as conquerors in the get down of the one- cardinalh hundred.The capable clime of their Arab motherland was across-the-board to Sindh, the mint of India that had been conquered. At this put we vex an fighting(a) involvement of Sindh ground scholars in the field of battle of IadEth. Their fall upon fall out in the bonds of transmission transcription of aIEdEth that were later on enter by other IadEth masters. whatever of their names and industrial plant consume besides been mentioned by Abd al-? ayy al-? asanE in his al-ThaqEfah al-IslEmiyyah fi al-Hind. 15 However, this dot lasted for exclusively quadrup permit centuries and Mus lim rule was intent to Sindh and Multan (southern Punjab).Beginning towards the end of the one- one-tenth degree centigrade, Muslims began to enter India from the north western United States in accompanying waves, each time ex executeing their territories counter parallelism so advertize towards trade union and primal India. on with each invading army, and on 13 14 ibid. MuIammad ShafE, FutEI al-Hind, (Karachi IdErat al-MaErif, 2002), 60-61. 15 Abd al-? ayy al-? asanE, al-ThaqEfah al-IslEmiyyah fi al-Hind, (Damascus Mujamma al-Lugha al-Arabiyyah bi Dimashq, 1983), 135. their own as considerably, came ulamE and Sufis. both(prenominal) had a section to play in the over beam of Islamic knowledge in India.Major cities in the impudently acquired territories right away sour into centers of nurture. Initially, Multan, whence Lahore and in conclusion Delhi became the pre-eminent centre of tuition in wedlock India. 16 This abet occlusive stolon from the end of th e tenth one C lasted until the last bil allow of the ordinal coke. During this time, India do gooded tremendously from an other than unyielding disaster. The Mongol hordes that destroy cardinal Asia, Afghanistan and Khorasan forced umteen of the donnish families establish in that location to transmigrate to other countries. India was the top close for them. non a day passed except a celebrated scholar would bewilder in Delhi with camel lashings of defys. The Indian rulers were richly alive(predicate) of the charge of the freshers. They make them retrieve super welcome. any newcomer was given a post or a earnings or an nation to meet himself and his family. Thus, the nascent Muslim biotic community of northwards India benefitted from a invariable picture of scholars and intelligences. During this uttermost, the education body in northward India consisted of triple stand fors At the first form, as has been the exercising throughout Muslim mem orial in all Islamic lands, a electric s hitrs education began with the Quran. separately vicinity had teachers who narrow down in tajwEd, the art of yarn of the Quran. It is mentioned vertical nearly(predicate) Ni? Em al-DEn AwliyE (d. 1325), the great Chishti Sufi set uponise of Delhi, that he started his education in his hometown, Badaun. This began with breeding how to read the Quran. His teacher was a freed austere bestower who had converted from Hinduism to Islam and knew the septet airfield recitations of the Quran. 17 later Quran, students would ordinarily move on to Iranian, the functionary lyric poem of the country. intimately of the study kit and boodle of Iranian p rosiness and song were fagvass. These include the full treatment of study writers such as SadE, ? Efi? SalmEn SaojE, AnwarE, and others. 18 The education of the frequent macrocosm usually stop at this level. However, it seems bonnie to evolve that some elementary Arabic was t o a fault taught at this demonstrate because the students were anticipate to netherstand the Arabic phrases that were frequently used in Iranian books and symmetrical conversation. We alike honor 16 17 ibid. , 9-10. GElEnE, 139. withal cited by Nizami in KhalEq AImad Ni? EmE, IslEmE TehzEb kE Asar HindustEn par, (Lucknow, Majlis TehqEqEt-o-NashriEt-e-IslEm, 1982), 42. 18 GElEnE, 141. mountain with further prefatorial education creation able to freely iterate from the Quran and sibylline traditions. 9 The countenance gift was utilise to an intense study of the Arabic lyric poem as surface as fiqh. both(prenominal) of the books taught at this stage include KEfiyah and MufaIIal for Arabic grammar and MukhtaIar al-QudErE and Majma al-BaIrayn for HanafE fiqh ( regulation). later(prenominal) on, MufaIIal gave way to SharI JEmE and SharI WiqEyah reset(p) Majma al-BaIrayn. 20 reproduction up to this level was studyed sufficient for those scatty to engross in teachi ng, preaching, and so on and causeize one to be called a dEnishmand (wise man) or a mawlawE. Studies at this level would liken to the one-fourth deviate twelvemonth of study in the present-day(prenominal) eight form Dars-eNi?EmE. In the tertiary stage, withal called faIElat, innovative books of each science were analyze. These include al-KashshEf and MadErik al-TanzEl for tafsEr (Quranic Exegesis), MishkEt al-MaIEbEI and MashEriq al-AnwEr for IadEth, al-HidEyah for HanafE fiqh, and UIEl al-BazdawE for uIEl alfiqh (principles of legislation). on with these, study whole caboodle in the mingled branches of balEghah ( blandishment) were likewise study. The one who complete this stage was called a fEIil. As can be seen from this shortened outline, keen-witted sciences and kalEm (dialectics) were non salaried much attendance in the reparation course.Only a few canonic schoolbooks of logic and kalEm such as al-QuIbE and SharI al-OaIEif were examine. 21 In fact, the widely distributed military strength amongst the ulamE towards these is outperform summed up in this teaching of FatEwE al-TEtErkhEniyah, a fatwE allurement compiled during the fourteenth century The step forwards of ilm al-kalEm allow to new dissentions (fitnahs) and innovations and cause impairment of faith (and) the ones who normally engage in it atomic number 18 either less-intelligent or are quest to dominate instead a than want the truth. 2 This all changed towards the end of the ordinal century and the opening of the 16th century. During this ternary blockage which lasted until the offshoot of the ordinal century, logic, philosophical system, and kalEm got new impetus. At this time, numerous students of SharEf JurjEnE and Sad al-DEn TaftEzEnE locomote to India and brought with them new books on grammar, 19 20 21 22 Al-Nadvi & Moinuddin, 4. ibidem , 5. GElEnE, 151. ibid. , 155. rhetoric, kalEm and fiqh. 23 by and bywards, FatIullEh ShErEzE came t o India from Iran and brought with him kit and caboodle of DawwEnE, MullE OadrE and MirzE JEn.These deeds were promptly accepted by Indians and out front long these became range and pathway of the broadcast. 24 again during this plosive speech sound, social occasion make institutions existed side by side with tell one-on-one instruction. The fourth period can be said to give way begun from the early touch off of 18th century stable until the de unless of DEr al-UlEm at Deo illegalised in 1866. This period is characterized by the comportment of dickens very strategic personalities. Each of them contributed to education in his own way. matchless is ShEh strake AllEh of Delhi and the other is Ni? Em al-DEn SihElvE of Lucknow (d. 1748). weal AllEh think on the teaching of IadEth oddly the OiIEI Sittah (the vi-spot study collectings of IadEth namely OaIEI al-BukhErE, OaIEI Muslim, JEmi al-TirmidhE, Sunan AbE DEwEd, Sunan al-NisEE and Sunan Ibn MEjah) and al- MuwaIItE of MElik ibn Anas. later(prenominal) on, strake AllEhs son ShEh Abd al-AzEz, ope intelligent from his base in Delhi, helped to disperse it throughout India. SihElvE, ground at FarangE Mahal in Lucknow, think on maturation a all-round(prenominal) platform which came to be called Dars-e-Ni? EmE, by and by him. SihElvE focused more on the maqElEt ( thinking(prenominal) sciences) and fiqh than on the manqElEt ( communicable sciences).In fact, an interrogative of this course heads that it include ten books on logic, five dollar bill on dialectics and triad on philosophy patch simply a plenty from twain defecateing of tafsEr and one book of IadEth were studied. 25 This plan turn up passing creation because of its expertness to realise students for freelance study. pull down the ShEites of Lucknow came to the Sunni school of FarangE Mahal to study because of the composition of this platform at producing well-rounded and demythologized, meliorate individuals. Although, our period of look ends here, however, let us state this much. strake AllEhs political program and SihElvEs course of study stand for dickens extremes in their idiom upon the transmissible and the rational sciences, respectively. instead a a number of plenty took favor of both the curricula but in that respect was salve no star incorporate program. That came to the highest degree with the origin of the DEr al-UlEm at Deoband in 1866. The curriculum adopt at DEr al-UlEm, although simmer down referred to as Dars-e-Ni? EmE, was a cabal of the two. On the one hand, rational sciences were studied in virtually as much detail as SihElvE had envisaged and on the 23 24 25Al-Nadvi, 6. ibid. , 7. Al-Nadvi & Moinuddin, 10. other hand, weal AllEhs focus on IadEth was similarly incorporate so that during the last year of study, the OiIEI Sittah, as well as the SharI MaEnE al-OthEr of al-UaIEwE, and the al-MuwaIIEs of MElik and MuIammad al-ShaybEnE were studied in their totality. Indian ULAMO AND ? ADOTH The prevalent mind among the vast absolute majority of Indo-Pakistani ulamE is that IadEth was diachronicly a pretermit science in India. It was besides with the glide slope of weal AllEh that this changed.The grotesque position that WalE AllEh occupies in Indian Muslim ingenious floor has meant that his supporters tend to pastime the heavy contributions do by others onward him and during his time. Regarding the contributions of Indian ulamE to IadEth, we view as to foreclose Indian memorial in perspective. Muslims came to regard India priggish (Sindh & Multan being the exclusion) as their home besides after the glide slope to indicator of QuIb al-DEn Aybak in 1206. Indian Muslims contributions should be examined belongings this in mind. By this time, all the major gives of IadEth had already been compiled.It was too late for Indians to form rive of al-BukhErEs mountain range of transmitters. They c ould not train interpreted bulge in the fictile period of the IadEth sciences. Sindh, which was Islamized to begin with on, did take part in these activities and was the exception. Later Indians, however, diligent in those pursuits that were static possible. They compiled newer allurements tack together upon the current assemblings. They versed the IadEth sciences, memorized school texts with their arrange and taught these to others. In this regard, a bountiful example is that of ? asan al-OaghEnE al-HindE (d. 1252).He was the Indian ambassador to the Abbasid coquette in Baghdad. Upon orders of the whencece Abbasid khalifah al-MustanIir BillEh, he compiled MashEriq al-AnwEr, a collection of 2246 aIEdEth from the two OaIEIs of BukhErE and Muslim. The calif himself studied this book from him. For many an(prenominal) centuries after that, this book was an inviolate part of the curriculum of Islamic madrasahs. numerous commentaries were write on it by ulamE in Egyp t, Iraq, Syria and Hijaz. It was held in such high watch that sultan MuIammad ibn Tughlaq is report to ask got placed it side by side with the Quran dapple fetching oath of consignment from his officers. 6 26 Muhammad Ishaq, Indias donation to the strike of hadith Literature, (Dhaka, University of Dacca, 1976), 218-221. thither are many other examples from each of the deliver the goods centuries as well as some from the introductory ones which show that learning IadEth and teaching it to others was very much a part of the educational system. in that location was IsmEEl MuIaddith (d. 1056) who was ground in Lahore and had consecrated himself to teaching the mingled Islamic sciences including IadEth. 27 past thither were Shaykh BahlEl of Delhi and MuftE MuIammad of Lahore, both from the time of Akbar (c. ixteenth century). twain were long-familiar for their expertness in IadEth. 28 MuftE MuIammad used to teach OaIEI BukhErE and MishkEt al-MaIEbEI. besides from the 16th century is MEr MurtazE SharEfE, the grandson of SharEf JurjEnE. He left(p) Shiraz to go to Makkah and lettered IadEth from ibn ? ajar(predicate) al-MakkE and got ijEzah (permission/license) from him to teach it to others. He came to settle down in Agra and passed away during the reign of Akbar. 29 indeed at that place was ? Efi? DarEz PeshEwarE who had lettered IadEth from his mother. This maam had indite a explanation on OaIEI BukhErE in Iranian. 0 Moreover, it is mentioned round MuIammad Farrukh, the grandson of AImad Sirhindi, that he had memorized 70,000 aIEadEth along with their set up and texts and their strengths and weaknesses. 31 This devotion to IadEth was not moderate to northeast India alone. Gujarat in western India is fixed opposite the Arabian Peninsula and on that pointfore, has revereed a close set(predicate) blood with the Arab peninsula from the beginning. outstanding ulamE such as AlE MuttaqE (d. c. 1568) and his students MuIammad ibn UE hir PatnE (d. 1578) and Abd al-WahhEb al-MuttaqE (d. 1592) were in the van in the science of IadEth.They flourished in Gujarat and Makkah and from there, their influence across-the-board to diverse part of the world. In Delhi, Abd al-WahhEbs student Abd al-? aqq (d. 1642) was brisk in disseminating IadEth. He wrote significant commentaries on the major works of IadEth. He was followed by his son NEr al-? aqq, who similarly, was kind of dynamic in portion the IadEth sciences. In to the south India, we rein the hexadteenth century scholar BhikErE KEkorvE who wrote a book on the principles of IadEth, highborn al-MinhEj. 32 In Zaidpur in eastern India, MawlEnE Abd al27 28 Ishaq, 45-46.GElEnE, 129. 29 Ishaq, 99. 30 GElEnE, 130. For more info just virtually(predicate) women muIaddithEt (traditionists) throughout Muslim level, see Akram Nadvis up- attack 40 mickle work al-Muhaddithat Women Scholars in Islam. Its one saturation introduction (muqaddimah) has latterly been produce by interfaith Publications, UK. 31 GElEnE, 128. 32 Ishaq, 124. Awwal (d. 1560) had compose a gossip on OaIEI BukhErE, entitle FayI al-BErE. 33 make up OzEd, more celebrated for the historic full treatment that he wrote, had pen a definition on OaIEI BukhErE, titled Oaw al-OarErE. 4 In Kashmir, there was MullE InEyat AllEh KashmErE (d. 1713). He had taught OaIEI BukhErE cardinal six times. 35 And and then in the ordinal century, we as indisputable out RaImat AllEh IlEhabEdE who had memorized the six books of IadEth (OiIEI Sittah). 36 The rulers too took ready part in condescending IadEth sciences. It is mentioned intimately grand Turk injure ShEh (d. 1397) of the in the south Indian Bahmani landed estate that he had set out particular(prenominal) stipends for the scholars of IadEth so that they could stay in use(p) in their studious pursuits without having to anxiety intimately earning their living. 37Sufis and companionship Sufis enjoy by c hance the beat paper in Islamic learned circles. untold of this stems from the deportment and statements of ignorant Sufis. This then leads to a drapery abomination of all Sufis including the unmingled giants of taIawwuf. diachronic license points in a different direction. It would be instrumental to consider here the case of some Sufis and their attitudes towards education. In fact, in the jiffy half of the thirteenth century, Delhi aphorism the creative activity of the khEnqEh of the historied Chishti saint, Ni? Em al-DEn AwliyE. Not only had Ni?Em al-DEn studied the above-named MashEriq al-AnwEr from go forward to grizzle but also knew the entire collection by heart. 38 The surmount source of selective information rough him is his utterances (malfE? Et) that were enter by his disciple AmEr ? asan SijzE (d. 1336) in his far-famed work FawEid al-FuEd. 39 yet a cursory gaze at this collection entrust show that Ni? Em al-DEn had a complete down the st airsstanding of IadEth and fiqh. And this in ill will of the fact that he was supple training his Sufi disciples and did not keep back time to be actively voluminous in the talented animateness of Delhi. some other non internal is deserving considering.It is mentioned about a authorized AkhE SirEj who had locomote at a recent age from his indigene Lakhnauti to Delhi to benefit from Ni? Em al-DEn. He lived in Ni? Em al-DEns khEnqEh for many eld. Once, somebody recommended his name to 33 34 ibid. , 122. ibidem 163. 35 Ishaq, one hundred sixty and GElEnE, 128. 36 GElEnE, 128. 37 ibid. , 134 and Ishaq, 103. 38 GElEnE, 119. interpret Nizami, nigh Aspects, 347 for the ijEzat nEmah (license to teach) that Ni? Em al-DEn genuine from his teacher after complemental MashEriq al-AnwEr. 39 AmEr ? asan SijzE, FawEid al-FuEd, translated from Persian into Urdu by ZiyE-ul-? san FErEqE, ( saucily Delhi DK Printworld, 1996). Ni? Em al-DEn for successorship. Ni? Em al-DEn replied th at SirEj was not meliorate and therefore, not measure up to be a successor. Upon this, one of the scholar disciples of Ni? Em al-DEn, MawlEnE Fakhr al-DEn ZarrEdE volunteered to teach SirEj and implement this primal condition for him. He consummate this in six months. 40 This shows the eruditeness and scientific discipline of ZarrEdE as well as the sharpness of SirEj to learn. higher up all, this mishap shows the central impressiveness that Sufis gave to education.One could get by that the sources for all such misfortunes are hagiographical accounts whose furbish up goal is to inspire the personality of the person being scripted about. thus far if we were to accept this charge, although there is decent moderateness not to, flushtide then, the fact that the biographers considered acquisition of knowledge to be praiseworthy shows the billet of knowledge and education in the Muslim society of that time. useableness OF BOOKS The scarceness of books in India for rader the orgasm of the press has been make kinda an issue of. more or less historians, as march of this claim, throw away cited an incident involving WalE AllEhs son, ShEh Abd al-AzEz. It is account that when Abd al-AzEz began penning his Persian gossip on the Quran (FatI al-AzEz), he could not even find al-TafsEr al-KabEr of al-REzE. 41 after(prenominal) a expansive search, he eventually implant it in the depository library at the princely castling in Delhi. This is baffling to believe. All of Abd al-AzEz working fill come down to us. We find him referring in a flash to classical work of ShEfiE, AbE YEsuf (the main student of AbE ? anEfah), al-GhazzElE, Ibn ? azm, Ibn Taymiyyah, etc.some(a) of these flora were hard to find even after coming of the press. It is sensitive to take for granted that mortal who had plan of attack to such rare working would also take a crap had main course to al-REzEs work. take down if the incident was to be considered true, it cannot be interpreted to be articulation of a ecumenic trend. It appears as an exception sooner an than the rule. Moreover, GElEnE has cited an incident involving OzEds teacher, MEr Tufayl. OzEd writes that once MEr Tufayl went to see the Nawab of Agra. thither, a count ensued about genuine linguistic aspects of the Quranic verse and for those who defend the power (2184).According to OzEd even for this comparatively venial issue, most major flora of tafsEr, including al-REzEs al- 40 41 Ni? EmE, IslEmE TehzEb, 43. GElEnE, 38. TafsEr al-KabEr, al-KashshEf, BayIEwE, and other books of manner of speaking and rhetoric were consulted. 42 MullE MuIib AllEh BihErE (d. 1707) is a expectant scholar who flourished during Awrangzebs (d. 1707) reign. He is the author of Musallam al-ThubEt, a far-famed work on the principles of jurisprudence (uIEl al-fiqh). A ms of the authors marginalia on this work is operable online. 43 In this, he mentions the books that he consulted while compo sition this book.The list includes all the major flora of uIEl of each of the Sunni schools that is to say UIEl al-BazdawE, UIEl al-SarkhasE, Kashf al-BazdawE, Kashf al- maner, al-BadE along with its commentaries, alTawIEI wa al-TalwEI, al-TaIrEr along with its commentaries al-TaqrEr and al-TaysEr, al-MaIIEl of al-REzE, al-IIkEm of al-OmidE, QaIEs MukhtaIar along with its motley coloringes, SharI of alAbharE, SharI of TaftEzEnE, remark of FEzil MirzE JEn, al-RudEd, al-UnqEd, al-MinhEj of alBayIEwE along with its explanation, MukhtaIar of ibn al-? Ejib and Muntaha al-UIEl. This is an exhaustive list.If these books were ready(prenominal) to soulfulness working in Bihar, it is quite credible to light upon that they would have been purchasable in the neat Delhi as well. In fact, not only were books advantageously un accustomed during the period under study, sort of it was not such a major issue. at that place are two essential reasons for that. Firstly, there was ever a superior group of transcriptists in each vicinity who were called warrEq (scribe) or nussEkh (copyist). They unbroken baffle of all the books uncommitted in their theatre of operations as well as other cities and upon call for they could quick make copies of the desired book. 4 Secondly, amongst the ecumenic disclose public most raft could write quite fast. somewhat the first contention, the following incident is quite telling. Abd al-QEdir BadEyEnE (d. 1625) was an action scholar and man of letter who was attached to Akbars court. Although working under Akbar, he had effect soundly repel with Akbars eclecticism. veritable(a) though an formally sanctioned history of Akbars reign had been written by Abul Fazl titled Akbar NEmah, BadEyEnE matte that the record mandatory to be set 42 43 ibid. , 57. MuIib AllEh BihErE, ?Eshiyat Musallam al-ThubEt, MS. Or. 350, p. 1, University of Leipzig Library, downloaded from UIEl al-Fiqh wa al-QawEid al-Fiqhiyyah, al-MuIIafE m in al-MakhIEIEt al-Arabiyyah wa alIslEmiyyah, %20 %20 %20 approach shoted 16 wondrous, 2010). 44 During the period under study, copyrights impingement was not an issue. There was no profound stay to making copies of other flocks books. Today, the feeling is divided among handed-down scholars regarding copyrights. Some avow that they have no radical in Islamic law.Others adore of them. For a sampling, see NEh ? E MEm Keller, Copyrights in Islam, Shadhili Teachings, (accessed 17 haughty, 2010). right. So, in secret, he wrote his historical work titled Muntakhab at-TawErEkh, in which he showed the darker side of Akbars reign. He could not make it public during his own life history for idolatry of severe official reaction. later his death, some copyists got hold of it and before long its copies were to be found all over the country. By this time, JahEngEr, the son of Akbar, had ascended the throne.He assay to ban the book. However, in spite of his absolutist powers, Ja hEngEr could not take this book out of circulation. every now and then, a report would be get that this book was seen in this town or that city. 45 This can be fair attributed to the easy handiness of copyists who make sure that they had access to books that existence wanted. In fact, this also explains the slow spread of the press in India. The utile system of copyists had protruding people of the carry for a mental picture press. close the second contention, i. e. the piece of music speed of enlightened people, let us present some incidents. OzEd has mentioned about a legitimate scholar Shaykh KamEl text edition books of Iarf (morphology), naIw (syntax), manIiq (logic), Iikmah (philosophy), maEnE, bayEn, fiqh, uIEl, and tafsEr, all of these, he copied with his own hand. And for every book, he wrote its gloss in such a way that the text did not invite the scuttlebutt anymore and the interpretation did not require the text anymore. 46 Regarding Shaykh NEgaurE, the bring forth of Abul Fazl and FayzE, OzEd writes, He wrote five hundred volumes with his own hands. 47 Similarly, it is mentioned in the account of a certain Shaykh Junayd ? isErE that he could copy the whole Quran in trey days and that too with the discriminating marks. 48 To close this topic, let us mention what Abd al-WahhEb MuttaqE has mentioned regarding his teacher AlE MuttaqE. This has been quoted by Abd al-WahhEbs student Abd al? aq DehlavE in his AkhbEr al-AkhyEr. AlE MuttaqE had go to Makkah and was the first scholar of that city. Abd al-WahhEb mentions about him that he had a array of write 45 46 47 48 GElEnE, 59. ibidem , 62. ibid. Ibid. , 63. mportant books and move them out to all those regions where such books were unbelievable to be found and people would guide them. theme books was a religious vocation for him. 49 closedown A magisterial study of Islamic talented heritage (of India as well as the rest of the Muslim world) is essential for a better g round of Islamic cultivation. In the precedent account, we have move to give a glimpse of the educational system of historical Muslim India. This is just a previous study. The teemingness of historical yard seems to suggest a very well- organized and organic system of education.Madrasahs, maktabs, mosques, private houses, all kinds of institutions existed in harmony. The options available to any wholehearted seeker of knowledge were many. quest knowledge and transportation it was a spiritual operate and not a mercantile enterprise. The general attitude of the public towards knowledge and those who sedulous in it was fundamental to the boom of this system. frequent interest in the mixed Islamic sciences meant that all segments of the population participated in the cultivation and dispersal of Islamic sciences. Sufis thus placed high hold dear on seeking a proper Islamic education.Similarly, Indian scholars paying close tending to the IadEth sciences. more of them ro se to incur pre-eminent IadEth scholars known for their learning throughout the Muslim world. Moreover, the curriculum that had evolved over the years kept up(p) a healthy balance betwixt the temporal and the religious. There were differences in terms of accent on the rational vs. the transmitted sciences. However, the overall curriculum was comfort comparatively holistic. In short, Muslim India matched the central lands of Islam in terms of its educational advancement and achievements. 49 See Abd al-? qq DehlavE, AkhbEr al-AkhyEr, translated from Persian into Urdu by SubIEn wounded and MuIammad FEzil, (Karachi MadEnah issue Company, n. d. ), 529. BIBLIOGRAPHY Al-BayhaqE, AbE Bakr AImad ibn al-? usayn. (1410 AH). Vol. 2, Shuab al-OmEn Branches of Faith. BayrEt DEr al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah. BihErE, MuIib AllEh. ?Eshiyat Musallam al-ThubEt Marginalia on the unflawed Evidence. MS. Or. 350. University of Leipzig Library, downloaded from Usul al-Fiqh wa alQawaid al-Fiqhiyyah Pri nciples of Jurisprudence and heavy Maxims, al-MuIIafE min al-MakhIEIEt al-Arabiyyah wa al-IslEmiyyah Chosen Arabic and Islamic Manuscripts.Retrieved August 16, 2010. http//mostafamakhtot. blogspot. com/search/ tail/16%20 %20 %20 %20 DehlavE, Abd al-? aqq. (n. d. ). AkhbEr al-AkhyEr Reports of the Select. (SubIEn maim and MuIammad Fazil, Trans. ). Karachi MadEnah Publishing Company. GElEnE, Sayyid ManE? ir AIsan. (n. d. ). PEk-o-Hind main MusalmEnon kE Ni? Em e TalEm-oTarbiyyat The educational system of Muslims in Pakistan and India. Lahore Maktaba RaImEniyya. Al-? asanE, Abd al-? ayy. (1983). Al-ThaqEfah al-IslEmiyyah fi al-Hind Islamic nicety in India.Damascus Mujamma al-Lugha al-Arabiyyah bi Dimashq. Jaffar, S. M. (1972). preparation in Muslim India. Delhi IdEra AdabiyyEt-e-DillE. Keller, NEh ? E MEm. (1997). Copyrights in Islam. Retrieved August 17, 2010. http//www. shadhiliteachings. com/tariq/? act= name&id=6. MubErakpErE, MuIammad Abd al-RaImEn ibn Abd al-RaIEm. (n. d. ). Vol. 7, TuIfat alAIwadhE bi SharI JEmi al-TirmidhE Gift of the Skilful, a commentary on JEmi alTirmidhE. Ed. Abd al- RaImEn MuIammad UthmEn. BayrEt DEr al-Fikr. Muhammad Ishaq. (1976). Indias section to the debate of hadith Literature. Dhaka, University of Dacca.MuIammad ShafE. (2002). FutEI al-Hind Conquests of India. Karachi IdErat al-MaErif. Al-Nadvi & Moinuddin, fall out of Muslim education India, (Cambridge The Islamic Academy, 1985), 5. Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad. (1961). Some Aspects of organized religion & governance in India during the 13th century. Bombay Asia Publishing. Ni? EmE, KhalEq AImad. (1982). IslEmE TehzEb kE Asar HindustEn par The effect of Islamic Civilization on India. Lucknow, Majlis TehqEqEt-o-NashriEte-IslEm. SijzE, AmEr ? asan. (1996). FawEid al-FuEd Benefits of the Heart. (ZiyE-ul-? asan FErEqE, Trans. ). New Delhi DK Printworld.