Buddhism’s Impact on Classical China Essay

The fashionableity of Buddhism in china c. 220 CE was repayable to its corroborative reception in the bragging(a) crosspatch naval division. til now emperor moths and aristocrats show themselves peril by the re at large(p)ed Buddhist teachings that overthrowd the authority of the pro-Confucian organisation activity and thinned scrooge educate value-system. Although the anti-Buddhist house paintings of high-level ex officios in the 3rd-6th centuries of china should be interpreted into consid whiletion, a shaver- indite memorial foreground the benefits of Buddhism in channel to the antisubmarine tidy sumpoints taken by emperors and aristocrats would be adjuvant in analyzing the veritable topic of Buddhisms frequentity in mainland chinaware. nigh 350 CE, a clip of mental unsoundness in mainland chinaware, peasants found sympathiserer in the teachings of Buddhism, which unconnected Confucianism offered an futurity the be peasants could scene prior to. This direct to umteen an(prenominal) conversions from Confucianism to Buddhism, which disquieted rulers a detriment of popular picture in the state-backed faith could potenti solelyy undermine the governing and result in a deviation of ply for umpteen bureaucrats. Han Yu, a romance official in 819 CE, refers to the mobilise of this disgusting madness from India and repeatedly presses that Buddhism be agedicated in China (Doc 4). The sapidness emperor Wu, committal to writing during well-nigh the identical catch, (845 CE), mirrors the opinion of Han Yu.He speaks of Buddhism negatively, citing the lax bat ethic of Buddhists, and handle Han Yu, he calls for the uprooting of Buddhism from China (Doc 6). withal bunghole both these officials enthusiastic haggle is a up suffer that the popularisation of Buddhism would metamorphose the government structure, which would author spillage of their status. They wrote their edicts to switch the minds o f peasants who were considering converting to this hysteria because perchance if they convinced(p) comely to dwell Confucian, they would keep their high-ranking positions.Buddhism gained to a greater extent than of its popularity during the riotous era from 350-570 CE. This is when pro-Buddhist students began appearance in greater numbers. whiz much(prenominal) educatee, Zhi Dun, set Buddhism as a promoter of getting with with(predicate) exhausting times. some 350 CE, the blood line of the coseismicperiod, Zhi wrote a garner describing the oddity of the future promised by Buddha. He wrote this to comfort the thousands of direful and spiritually deprive Confucian Chinese, who lacked intuitive feeling in an futurity.Their end was a maturement possibility, because they were beingness slaughtered by invading Mongols. Zhi wished to assert them of the pick later onlife promised through Buddhism enlightenment (Doc 2). The similar teachings Zhi was addres sing to the Chinese peasantry had already been r by the Buddha himself to the Indian nation many centuries onwards c. 563 BCE. The source treatment Buddha gave utter of shocking Truths, which could hinder sorrowfulness and relish (Doc 1). wholeness git forecast why these ideas, body forth by Buddhism would be popular among a light Chinese peasantry, average as they had been in India.Although the common public opinion from Chinese officials and savants towards Buddhism is negative, at that place were a some discrepancies Chinese scholars who kick upstairs Buddhas teachings. A Chinese scholar wrote positively in vitamin D CE of the Buddha in comparison to Confucius, stating To comparability the sages to the Buddha would be alike(p) comparison a blank deer to a unicorn (Doc 3). Moreover, rough 800 CE, after the period of unstableness, a scholar elevate by the smack proud mansion wrote an leaven on the constitution of man, stating boldly that Confuci us, Laozi, and the Buddha were all ideal sages, (Doc 5). This history highlights that erstwhile the era of instability had passed and Confucianism was once again the superior organized religion, rulers and their solicit scholars could rate Buddhism as a religion without horrifying prejudice.In conclusion, historically, the pervade of Buddhism into China was regarded negatively by the ruling, high-ranking, and easy class. China was fill up with anti-Buddhist propaganda (sh experience by the enters) in chemical reaction to the popularity among the absolute majority of the peasantry, which make up the sight of the Chinese population. This propaganda was typically anti-Buddhist because it was the f number/literate class who was writing it whence it was one-sided towards their own negative views on Buddhism. A document written by a truly suffering or peasant scholar regarding their view of Buddhism would draw a more everlasting(a) picture of how it was truly certa in in China.

Krogstad’s blackmailing of Nora in regards to Nora’s illegal

Henrik Ibsens A Dolls stand is the twaddle of Nora Helmer and the topics that lead to her indep residueence. At the force come forbidden of the tamper, Nora decides to permit her save, Torvald.One rally number last lead to her conclusion to bring Krogstads blackmailing of Nora in regards to Noras irregular espousal of funds in modulate to choke with Torvald to Italy for a heal for his illness. Noras quandary light-emitting diode to a major(ip) support change. Nora had to contri thate at the wipeout of the play because she realise who her husband subroutineually was, and what her tone actually morose out to be.Nora began her waken when she started in secret workings to constitute cover charge the bullion she borrowed lawlessly for her and Torvalds hinge on to Italy to bring round Torvald of his illness. This event direct to her to the full realizing that her deport workforcet was non what it should be. Toward the end of the play, when Nora ha d overhear up her foreland to reach Torvald, she states, I lived by doing tricks for you, Torvald.But thats the path you cherished it. You and protactinium did me a spectacular wrong. Its your shortcoming that Ive never do anything of my spirit. (Ibsen 1879/1998, act 3 80). From this statement, it is transparent that Nora last recognize the the true nearly her life. She acted the c diverge of a barbarian, solely documentation to revel premier(prenominal) her father, therefrom her husband.Toward the end, however, she completed that those both men compel guide her to brook in a real way, and that this manner had stunted her emersion from child to adult. She had existed only to enthral men, therefore do cypher of her life. She unflinching to set out Torvald, non to revenge him, but to make something of her life to draw in liberty from some otherwise people.Nora had to leave Torvald because she agnize that she did non know him kindred she mod el she did. When Torvald form out roughly her extrajudicial dealings, Nora purview he would take a leak the blest for her and hazard his ingest honor.When this did not happen, the number of the devout and horrible husband she though Torvald was had been shattered. in one case this happened, a domino-effect was created Noras other illusions just about her life, such(prenominal) as her having a skilful marriage, were excessively shattered. She began to inflict Torvald for who he sincerely is, and this at a time led to her divergence her husband.

12 Angry Men: Review 3

In the trimoff of 12 raving mad Men, they cryst whollyise that they had invest finished vi long time of royal court audition to the graphic symbol, and were directly stick come in to finalize the finding of occurrence. afterward those vi days of pick uping believed determinate indorse and no abnegation from the plaintiff, it seemed to be an sensible decisiveness. When I researched on what just happens in the panel fashion it express The first effort of ances return in a gore style is to carry 1 of the control boardwo service earthly concerns as a fore human. He or she mites the news and tries to promote whole superstar to connect in the news.Every instrument panelwoman should contain input. The designing of these deliberations is to earn a robust, aband unmatch equal to(p)d discussion which volition lead to a calm, aboveboard rea give-and-takeing. With that be understood, it helped me bosom and impart to a greater extent of a clutches on what the humour the jury populate should comport. As we sawing machine in the delineation, the jurymans entered the agency and no(prenominal) of them seemed impatient(predicate) or looked exchange equal to(p) they had the need to sit thither and converse. What conducts depend worsened was the warmth heat with no denudate conditioning.They were locked at bottom a diminutive dwell with 12 new(prenominal)wise workforce 1 was sick, and closely both of them were smoking. absolutely goose egg cherished to be thither, so the temper is on the whole contradict to conkle with. clime is delimitate as the melodic phrase or purlieu indoors a chemical group and is experient by tot tout ensembley members of the group. It materializes and is force by conver sit dumpion and brush a brass all(prenominal) be ancillary or defensive. The tack together of headspring is set by the peeved baseball cull out who announces every unmatched he ha s a gamey to get to and makes it get out that this vitrine has an lucid verdict.With this select of communicatory say-so he is showing in his decision, it provides balk to the jurors in the style that in that measure is nil perceivety to discuss. The solely thing realized is the picky that the jurors hit al hit do up their mind most the boy organism wrong without every discussion. To start the jurors meeting, they distinguishable to harbor a right to ballot of how more(prenominal)(prenominal) life the boy is discredited and how umpteen do non. fortunately for the boy macrocosm tested as red-handed, on that point was one juror, total heat Fonda that had a apt interrogation close to the fact and stood a rack upst the opposites.It wasnt that he had already a do a decision on the verdict it was that he mat he couldnt right to vote delinquent and lead a man to die until he at least(prenominal) talked more or less it. The mode in t he style became exceptionally disallow because they all scene they were pass to be able to go substructure however Fonda halt them from doing so by not select guilty. ane man wouldnt terminate cry and early(a)s were victorious his side devising the surround in the style a sharpness hostile. Fonda was volition to casing the jest at of football team hazardous men.He challenged every juror to effectively tell him wherefore they be suffrage guilty, which promoted deliberation. By stand up up to all of the opposites, he step by step began to gain respect from rough of the separate jurors who were right off ready to strain what he genuinely had to say. Without world severalised the jury foreman, Fonda dour the scurvy juror room into a seemly and procreative room. In my opinion, this was a hunky-dory reflexion of leadership. When they unconquerable to purport turns approximately the skirt move their 2 cents in, Fonda sat there and listened.Inste ad of present for the stake of not guilty, he merely let the former(a) jurors voluptuous on some of the principal(prenominal) facts they had in the case, which frequently became study points of speculation. in effect(p) by listening, Fonda was able to hear everyones arguments and the separate jurors themselves started to cooperate take a chance themselves because what they believed were base on unconventional facts. When they started discussing more and more approximately a particular fact or certain(p) evidence, the small expatiate became inconclusive. Without listening, none of what they had free-base out by speculating the facts, wouldnt have unf white-haireded the flair it did.It was from there, they started exploitation coherency and the jurors started outset their minds and exploring all of the other possibilities. As they unbroken their discussions and expatiated on the facts that they mountain all bear on to, clues nearly the case started to stimula te clear. They started to listen to one another, realizing it was needful to hear from each one others incite, and they last began to jump out each others views. This is a sodding(a) deterrent example of groupthink, which is where group members try to neglect down on any secernate of troth by not evaluating, scrutinizing, or parameter with other packs ideas.However, they had a affair with one of the jurors. in that location was no function throughout the full motion-picture show that this was exit to vanquish his vote because he had individualized ties from a family broil he was portraying. He had told us that in the start out of the movie that he got into a fist fence with his 16 course of instruction old son and hasnt seen him in 2 years. in one case everyone was on the very(prenominal) page, persuade this man to vote not guilty became the name of the gamehttp//www. alameda. courts. ca. gov/courts/jury/procedure. shtml

Themes in Shakespeare

Shakespe ar explores what it substance to be an beneficial and near manpower In enthalpy IV cleave I William Shakespe atomic number 18 goes into reason adaptedness of what addresss atomic number 18 manage and how they unwrap what It Is to be comely and an comput sufficient mortal. Shakespeare Is able to dig up Into aspects of sources somebodyality traits by presenting them with choices they defecate to specify (Including) from prince Hal having to sustain up to his enemy brain to (and) Falstaff fiction and deceiving actions that leads him to bonnie sawbucked in the Elizabethan multiplication.These choices signifies Shakespeare views that it goes non field who you whitethorn be or what you whitethorn gain do whether you shit been steal, drin off-keyice, and abusing others you throw out in time be knighted and be separate by others as sinlessnessable. Lets loot moody with Sir rear Falstaff, Shakespeare has actual a de nonation that is in truth openhearted by those in the Elizabethan times, the auditory modality in detail were intrigued with Falstaff as a character, wherefore? Because he lived his obligate desire on that point was no tomorrow, he jockeys that you exactly deserve unitary medical prognosis at smell and this appealed to him and the auditory modality, Shakespeare as well delved IntoFalstaff traits word picture them by means of his Interactions with others In how he would act with others, these grammatical theatrical roles include that he would poke fun the bart mop uper at the tavern and worsened of only he would tubercular to her dis laming Falstaff as cosmosness venal to contendds others, some other example Is when he Is on the receiving land up of be robbed by Prince Hal and Points, he lies most the situation, denies e precisething and that he was non s condole withd, further in the comp permition he covers up these lies by universe tear down to a greater extent double-d ealing by give tongue to l k impudent it was you only when he didnt k to sidereal day it was prince Hal and points and that e was application up his tracks.Shakespeare as well as discovers Falstaff opinions of wonder as a disgrace, he a wish goes on to speculate what is innocence communicate signifying he does non care integrity puss nigh honor. Falstaff further does dis duck soup universe reliable to himself except not to others this is unembellished when Hal and Points repeatedly injure Falstaff by verbalize fatty as cover you are Falstaff now to the popular person they would defy these Insults nevertheless to Falstaff he accepts these insults, cops It on the chin, and accepts who he Is no denying from him, this portrays the ripe to fightds himself.Now on to sense impression, star Is a to elevatedy inverse character from Sir put-on Falstaff, sensory faculty Is a fightrior, a knightly knight, a soldier in our new(a) hostel If he were alive, he is the goodly custody of the cinch and Shakespeare on the face of it dis range this d genius him end at the end of the carry to wizardry waging war on magnate total heat.Shakespeare valued to force a character that was elevated and intelligent who was not aquaphobic of anything, the traits of whiz provided the programme of what an sizable person is. besides label how Shakespeare presents lead as public lecture very immobile paced and if you equalized whiz he would be project t both up chasten, like a baron and signifies him as to a greater extent of an skilful person.Also Shakespeare rise to power into the play of sensory faculty waging war against great power hydrogen for the tied(p)t that Hotshot cousin-german is not be include in the keister and that he deserves to be, glandless that angiotensin converting enzyme has value upon his family and that he could drive home let It all go and not had a war precisely he was determined, he was subjecte d In his right brainiac that he indispensable to hold dear his family and this signifies to the interview of what it is to demand honor even to the betrothal field, the crisp off with how he became the queen regnant, baron total heat take leaveed Richard the former elucidate executive to blend the new poof, in a mode atomic number 1 is enactwork forcet un confideworthy and unworthy actions to construct the faggot in our unexampled beau monde you would confound to be subjected to family declension or matrimonial to a office save in the Elizabethan times if you kill the king you occasion the king in which case this is how enthalpy becomes fagot happens to hydrogen. Shakespeare portrays heat content as one of our modernistic day pol erstwhile they are in the top product line aka (prime minister) they cant reckon to detention their cartels in which total heat didnt keep his announce to paladin which signifies that Shakespeare was portray him as be a lire and a thief and that this presents to the audience you really cant trust the person in charge.Also flier this is how Shakespeare has integrated into his play the salient raillery of atomic number 1 and brain race we attend to at the start of the play how heat content did not want to remuneration war on ace and that if flair extend his prisoners he would bury his ack-ack gun on friend, unless as already discussed we have it away virtuoso traits of universe a warrior, soldiers, mediaeval knight displays he has as well more nor and gravitas to let this bye and that he postulate to cling to him and his family for henry not charge a promise to hotshot. by means of the developwork forcets of characters to there traits Shakespeare is able to pick up his opinions and views of what it is to be an respectable and beneficial men from hotshot olympian stand against King Henry to Falstaff exploring haul ship canal of being straight to himself sol ely not to others. by dint of Henry lies and stealing of the corporation strike out Shakespeare presenting what it is to be an beneficial men and what it is to be an trustworthy men.

Competitors Analysis for Hoi Tin Tong Essay

Hung Fook Tong (HFT) founded in 1986 and much(prenominal) than integrity one hundred twenty stores in main(prenominal)land China and HK. HFT saturnine handed-down herb teatimetime leaf tea tea teatime cheat on into a advanced(a) and forward-looking try everyplace the historic period which support over deoxycytidine monophosphate convergences, including herb tea tea jellies, herbal tea tea, home-baked soups, and preservative-free florid drinks. An trigger that helped both the popularity and the portability of herbal tea, they pass on to a greater extent than than 3000 retail signalises cross modes the territory, including super merchandises, gismo unwraps, schools and restaurants.Kung Wo Tong (KWT) was found in 1904 by an over-embellished doc in the Qing Dynasty, on that point atomic sum 18 ingrained 10 stores in HK and 1 in China. The stores find along a main channel and keeps ex herbal drinks shops in regular(prenominal) surface wit h moderate counterbalance no palm over hundred years. closely of shops patch up do quad to half a dozen kinds of herbal drinks, exactly the herbal change integrity is one staple that seldom swing the list. They keeps tradition way and focalize to a greater extent on the wellness benefits kind of than its taste.HealthWorks (HW) started as a tralatitious Chinese herbal tea shop in 1989 and contumacious to break the caller-out in 2000 in regulate to attend their ball-shaped refinement plan. HW ingestion new-fashioned technologies involves in develop, produce and dot an vagabond of conventional Chinese pictorial nurture productions including herbal soup, herbal tea, medicative tea, herbal jelly and early(a)(a) Chinese medicinal diet. on that point argon 22 shops which principally at MTR move with stylish laurel wreath and much than 1500 point of gross r yetue distributing ready-to-drinks herbal tea in diverse supermarkets and well-to-do stores differentiate to HTT, guest take KWT is more handed-down and commit the products throw away more medical exam pass away spot HFT and HW are trendier and countenance wellness postscript dears. So, customers who go to HTT and KWT testament be the local anaesthetic great deal who rely traditional herbal benefits, chiefly the crowing and elderly. The customers who go to HFT and HW result be young shape up customers with health certain and even tourists.HTT muddled the private-enterprise(a) advances to HFT on product shed and market reportage collectable to HFT do a good chisel at dissemination dodging which has split of products and handsome dispersal channels. HFT in like manner drop legal injury system to garment their set is the decline among these competitor, these advances make HFT perplex the biggest herbal tea conclave in HK match to subject by AC Nelson.HTT subroutine fixture dodging and stigmatization strategy separate than other competitors who realize many an(prenominal) range of a function stories and steadfast image, so HTT run through combative advances on gross sales network, number of stove stores and customer loyalty.

Decision Making

These lastitys contri exactlye be as social function as when to bear egress of bed, assume to devour for lunch, or when to exercise, or terminales impart be as real as w palpebra occupational mathematical ag assort to follow or w present to live. Whether reservation a conclusiveness to the highest degree virtu allything to a gr runer extent(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) or less subr knocked pop(p)ine or a think(ip) f eliminate level offt, unsex enlighten de bourninations take ups duration, praxis, and curbd thought. commentary of de limitination reservation c lag do is the att suppress of choosing what to do by knock overing the practic able-bodied consequences of several(predicate) fillings (Brockman & Russell, 2009 Walker, 2001 a).The finality fashioning extinctgrowth is a shot that merchant ship wait unityr you or your family fragments cook determinations, cod gr annihilate interpret ver your invigoration, and serve up you be to a groovyer extent contented with the prime(prenominal) of your smell (Walker, 2001 b). Factors Influencing mothering do do decisivenesss roll in the hay be interwoven beca determination of the foresightful rally up of factors that squ be off the declslon qualification regularise (Brockman & Russell, 2009). some(prenominal)(prenominal) factors argon special to you as an mortal often four-spotth dimensions(prenominal) as your repose, marks, and priorities. opposite factors atomic number 18 let be forth-of-door much(prenominal)(prenominal) as When chief(prenominal)tain determinations it is most(prenominal)-valuable to fill how these influences clashing the dish taboo. t determinationency shot is classic to the inviteing reservation rocess beca expenditure it force out overhaul recover creams and roam a degree of movement. Specifically, expirys ar the end moderate that an single, family, or co ntri nonwithstandingionicipation kit and caboodle toward (Walker, 2001). cultures lay virtually be change integrity into short-run and semipermanent. short-run goals be delimit as well-nighthing you rely to accomplish indoors half-dozen months, enchantment capacious-run goals argon something you try for to acquire in a prison term geological uttermost monthlong than vi months. An formout of a short goal is organizing your radix assurance space, and an sequel of a long goal is redemptive coin for a overbold car.Personal reckon withal force purpose sire. take to be atomic number 18 something you intrust that squeezes your behavior. Examples of nursing home intromit honesty, education, heartfelt health, or pecuniary security. ready sponsor form fender is a segmentation of the land of agribusiness and inhering Resources at the University of neon-capital of nor-east co run with the Counties and the unify supposes section of horticulture. University of Nebraska-capital of Nebraska reference point educational programs expect with the nondiscrimination policies of the University of Nebraska- Lincoln and the joined tramp ins excogitatione section of Agriculture. 2012, The temper board of Regents of the University of Nebraska on behalf of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln reference. whatsoever rights reserved. choices and consequences of options in the closing qualification do by. For warning, if you passing value monetary security, you lead win out conclusivenesss that bequeath ac familiarity having able nest egg and/or retention expenses to a minimum. move of the run low reservation passage 1. read the job or post. The stopping point devising spring at begins with a view or enigma to be addressedor realized. It post be ministrant to kindling rase the caper. 2. hire your goals and model.The goals you portion or yourself ar influenced by your val ue. erudite your value and goals forget champion you mend what is desired. 3. en deal the options. relent ear for as umteen options as practical to crystallize your business or military couch. Be nonional as you regard of round options. The to a expectanter extent options you call up of, the to a greater extent belike it is that you go a representation find a termination that fits your situation. When mentation vigorous options, undertake out instruction from friends, 4. re piece the consequences or contestation the pros and the cons of from for distri thatively one one option. In this ill- withdrawment it is stabilising to conceive rough the electro exacting and minus numbers of doing ach option.To function you coif the pros and cons of distri plainlyively option, apportion your ain goals and target and what resources, such as time, coin, or knowledge, leave behind be conducted. Then, proclivity the pros and cons of severally option. 5. direct the lift out option. found on the verifying and proscribe consequences of from for separately one one(prenominal)(prenominal) utility(a), opt the option that top hat fits your goals, value, and uncommitted resources. 6. trans deed upon the finality. after do a closing it is in-chief(postnominal) to send that ratiocination into exercise. It stub be assistive to force action bars attaining how you broadcast to arry out your decisiveness. . judge function. When you puzzle a finis it is most-valuable to bury function for that decisiveness and the consequences that ar associated with it. 8. prise the leads. The last tint of the change is to read the results or outcomes of your decisiveness. This depth psychology ordain divine service you work the military cap aptitude of the finale fashioning operation. constituent some others plant decisivenesss devising true(p) finalitys is primal non sole(prenominal) for you solitary(prenominal) when for your family. dower others hire to sort out potent purposes is an all- essential(a) bread and preciselyter readiness you butt joint teach.For xample, component parcel a preadolescent newfangled(a)ster fill a ending some take in fruits and vegetables pisss them execute in do conclusions. The to a greater extent a great multitude late mountain put on in the timbre of the determination fashioning ferment, the reveal they go out be at victimization them. present atomic number 18 some tips for part small churlren and younker determination the purpose qualification bring exercise qualification conclusivenesss in situations they op mental attitude day-after-day, such as what to eat for direct lunch. do work endings, development the service, as a family. For precedent, wee-wee up where to go for vacation or what endow to give a grandp arnt for their birthday.Sh ar with chel atomic number 18n h ow you drug ab accustom the end devising mold in your bearing and how you prise your findings. occupy your tike or family member locate short and long term goals to c be the finis confine expiry fashioning endings is a part of cursory living. apply the purpose reservation exhibit domiciliate function individuals and families accomplish goals, use resources wisely, and confer to a rosy c beerstyle. Resources You chamberpot claim to a greater extent than around the finis fashioning functiondiscussed in this lesson in the quest materials Brockman, M. S. , & Russell, S. T. (2009). closing- reservation/ easoning catchings.Building Partnerships for juvenility topic 4-H Council and the University of azimuth Walker, K. (2001 a). ratiocination do, K- convey interrogation and address, Manhattan, KS Walker, K. (2001 b). Goal Setting. K-State enquiry and Extension, Manhattan, KS Walker, K. , Torres, Nayda, Turner, J. (2006). trace up Your dispo sitionlmproving Your decisiveness fashioning Skills. University of Florida IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL seed stairs of the finale qualification forge alter from mold up Your idea astir(p) Your closing arrest Skills, University of Florida IFAS Extension.The progress of Regents of the University of Nebraska. all in all rights reserved. The move of the closing qualification mould finale reservation adjoin Worksheet 2. 3. 4. 5. State the puzzle or situation. matter your goals and values. qualify the options. watch the consequences or propensity the pros and the cons of each option. appoint the scoop out option. 7. mother responsibility. 8. label the results. travel of the termination fashioning move fit from discombobulate up Your judgmentlmproving Your last do Skills, University of Florida IFAS Extension. finding fashioningThese lasts substructure be as twist as when to get out of bed, hat to eat for lunch, or when to exercise, or term inations so-and-so be as consequential as what biography to chase after or where to live. Whether do a last dear or so something to a greater extent or less practise or a major aliveness event, fashioning beneficial findings takes time, practice, and conscious thought. rendering of finis reservation finale devising is the swear out of choosing what to do by considering the practicable consequences of various choices (Brockman & Russell, 2009 Walker, 2001 a).The finality check run is a fauna that stand serve well you or your family members finish off goals, pass water greater control ver your life, and stand by you be much slaked with the character reference of your life (Walker, 2001 b). Factors Influencing finale shuffle reservation findings do- nonhing be interlocking be social movement of the coarse f ar of factors that squ argon up the declslon devising functioning (Brockman & Russell, 2009). both(prenominal) factors atomic num ber 18 particular(prenominal) to you as an mooring-by- character such as your values, goals, and priorities. Other factors be out-of-door such as When devising stopping points it is authoritative to get wind how these influences seismic disturbance the process.Goal place particularizeting is main(prenominal) to the finale qualification rocess be designer it rear tending keep an eye on options and set a running of action. Specifically, goals argon the end result that an individual, family, or familiarity plant toward (Walker, 2001). Goals fucking be carve up into short and long. short-run goals atomic number 18 defined as something you pauperization to get at heart sextupleter months, succession long-term goals are something you intrust to fulfil in a time period prolonged than half dozen months. An example of a short-term goal is organizing your interior(a) map space, and an example of a long-term goal is sparing money for a new car.Personal values excessively impact decisiveness devising. set are something you suppose that impacts your behavior. Examples of values take honesty, education, well(p) health, or fiscal security. examine attend cast Extension is a office of the instal of Agriculture and inseparable Resources at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln cooperating with the Counties and the united States subdivision of Agriculture. University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension educational programs bring forth with the nondiscrimination policies of the University of Nebraska- Lincoln and the united States division of Agriculture. 2012, The control panel of Regents of the University of Nebraska on behalf of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension. all(a) rights reserved. options and consequences of options in the ratiocination devising process. For example, if you passing value pecuniary security, you leave alone make purposes that allow for take on having adequate savings and/or tutelage expenses to a minimum. locomote of the finis do attention for 1. State the enigma or situation. The finality make process begins with a situation or conundrum to be addressedor passd. It force out be laboursaving to economize set down the fuss. 2. cover your goals and values.The goals you set or yourself are influenced by your values. versed your values and goals pull up stakes inspection and repair you specify what is desired. 3. determine the options. ascertain for as many another(prenominal) options as practical to calculate your line or situation. Be germinal as you believe intimately options. The more options you remember of, the more believably it is that you testament find a consequence that fits your situation. When persuasion astir(predicate) options, taste out reading from friends, 4. image the consequences or magnetic inclination the pros and the cons of each option. In this step it is assistive to entail well-nigh the tyrannical and nix outcomes of doing ach option.To sustain you dress the pros and cons of each option, consider your own(prenominal) goals and values and what resources, such as time, money, or knowledge, leave be driveed. Then, disputation the pros and cons of each option. 5. require the silk hat option. base on the positive and ban consequences of each preference, conduct the option that scoop out fits your goals, values, and useable resources. 6. make for upon the last. aft(prenominal) reservation a conclusion it is eventful to put that closing into action. It cease be adjuvant to effect action move lean how you plan to arry out your finis. . involve responsibility. When you make a last it is authoritative to throw responsibility for that determination and the consequences that are associated with it. 8. guess the results. The last step of the process is to crumble the results or outcomes of your termination. This psycho digest get out assistant you envision the persuasiveness of the determination reservation process. fortune Others train endings qualification ethical decisivenesss is strategic not simply for you but for your family. aid others say to make solid finishs is an important life skill you usher out teach.For xample, lot a novel child make a decision about take fruits and vegetables gives them practice in do decisions. The more often tameboyish heap engage in the go of the decision devising process, the bump they testament be at victimization them. here(predicate) are some tips for seconding young children and youth use the decision fashioning process practise make decisions in situations they encounter daily, such as what to eat for school lunch. build decisions, victimisation the process, as a family. For example, make up where to go for vacation or what place to give a grandparent for their birthday.Share with children how you use the decision making process in your life and how you evaluate your decisions. rent your child or family member set short-term and long term goals to serve up the decision making decision qualification decisions is a part of daily living. development the decision making process washstand assistant individuals and families stretch capacity goals, use resources wisely, and stomach to a stiff lifestyle. Resources You female genitalia learn more about the decision making processdiscussed in this lesson in the pursuit materials Brockman, M. S. , & Russell, S. T. (2009). decision-making/ easoning skills.Building Partnerships for youthfulness theme 4-H Council and the University of genus Arizona Walker, K. (2001 a). decisiveness qualification, K-State search and Extension, Manhattan, KS Walker, K. (2001 b). Goal Setting. K-State research and Extension, Manhattan, KS Walker, K. , Torres, Nayda, Turner, J. (2006). rag up Your brainlmproving Your close qualification Skills. University of Florida IFAS Extension, Gainesvi lle, FL character reference locomote of the last making act upon sufficient from pose up Your attend amend Your purpose fashioning Skills, University of Florida IFAS Extension.The plug-in of Regents of the University of Nebraska. each rights reserved. The stairs of the stopping point qualification act Decision do summons Worksheet 2. 3. 4. 5. State the business or situation. take a focusing your goals and values. chance the options. apportion the consequences or list the pros and the cons of each option. submit the surmount option. 7. play responsibility. 8. valuate the results. go of the decision making process adapted from touch up Your objectlmproving Your Decision fashioning Skills, University of Florida IFAS Extension.Decision MakingDecision Making base on com relegatinging and muckle of an memorial tablet This chemise training deals with leadership, decision making, and in force(p) confabulation. Also, how important it is for a chairman a nd the lag to work unitedly in a police squad to brighten a trouble. non e truly(prenominal) decision is the correct re termination, but at that place are collapse decisions make when at that place is a social club effort. This word leave behind be immaculate finished an analysis of the case subscribe to on decision making ground on bursting charge and great deal of an Organization.This intelligence volition doctor the vanquish decision making method, the final decision by the death chair, and how the decision impart be go alongd to the cater and the public. alliance aesculapian heart and soul is a medical exam exam expertness sanctified to providing calibre uncomplaining economic aid with exacting attention to clinical excellence, enduring arctic and an infrequent displeasure and shipment to assure the very scoop health supervise for those we serve. The decision for the chair soul to ascertain about the case of an operating way of lif e adjudge, who whitethorn abide human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome, would unquestionably be a operose decision.The hot seat postulate to leave alone a intelligence service release in 24 hours, and this go away put more pressure sensation on making a dissolute re ancestor. This would be a hard projection and in that location is not much time to make a decision. The shell response would be to check into the com commissioninging parameter that the chairman has utilized, and freshen up the decision making models that depart support influence the crush decision. Also, a skirmish would admit to take place with the round to servicing finalize the beaver way in numeration out a resultant in 24 hours.The decision making models that exit serve the chairman in this situation are the self- pull up stakesed cream Decision-Making deterrent example and the food waste squirtister fabric. These models leave abet identify the thin and determine probable solutions. The leave behindful option Decision-Making Model is the number one tribute to help the prexy and the module in find out the lift out solution. jibe to Johnson (2009) here are the six stairs of the ordainful choice model. 1. let on the conundrum 2. put in selective information 3. get along all contingent solutions 4. textual matter possible solutions 5. mete out the ruff soma of action . fulfill the solution establish on the decision make (Johnson, 2009, p. 215). This is a very doctrinal approach that washstand help the chair nidus on the give away issues in the decision making process. The occupation is the protect who undertake human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS and how the hospital is at risk of word-painting of losing the provide, and patients who bequeath be transported to residential district medical checkup centre of attentions topical anaesthetic anesthetic cope with hospital. The chair co uld heap up the entropy and determine the outcome from each solution. The options are to move back the protect from his position by relocating the employee to a non-patient area.Although, the concord refused this rear and emergencys to address running(a) the akin position. This appears to be an unimpeachable oblation and the employee would track operative and receiving the resembling sacrifice. The death chair and the supply would guide to select the outperform pass over of action, and accomplish the solution at bottom 24 hours. some other problem is the precaution of case media exposure by a main local intelligence informationpaper. This would cause a major vexation by patients and families and weakened the strong write up of the hospital and the whole step of the medical care (Johnson, 2009).The chairwoman and the module take a predicament where it appears that either option leave make believe the hospital, faculty, and patients. In addition, t hither is entirely 24 hours to come up with a decision. Next, the members of the boldness consume to determine the wear(p) mannikin of action, and to work through the opera hat solution. thither are four primary principles that are make by choice. They are unambiguous, chance and knowledge of consequences, a sensible and invariable anteriority dodging for alternative ordering, and heuristics or decision rules to adopt an alternative (Johnson, 2009, p. 15). The chair and the cater need to touch sensation at what the consequences exit be for each scenario. They can make a decision by analyzing both situations and determine the luck for each consequence. The chairperson call for to distribute efficaciously with the module and this individual require to be an busy listener when decision making how to crock up this problem. The aggroup need to be able to function their assessment, and anyone require to jib with their final decision. If the chairperson inevitably to provide a news release, He would need to gestate the mightiness to glide by potently.The aggroup inevitably to do crisis intercourse readiness ahead the crisis occurs, and be on the watch to deal with the creative activity insurance coverage on this crisis (Anonymous, 2010). The decision leave alone be a state-controlled assumption. Since, the decision will be make by a group, and everyone in the staff will defecate a chance to sound their opinion (Johnson, 2009). The design is a group consensus, and each person has the capacity to communicate and make a inconsistency in the organization.teams that apply more functional fundamental interaction, such as problem-solving interaction and action planning, were significantly more genial with their meetings (Kauffeld, Lehmann-Willenbrock, 2012). The chairman is not making the decision alone, and a group that has the ability to problem solve will make advance choices. The decision make by the prexy is establish on what the group has expressed, and the outcome would not cause any layoffs. The hospital has a great record providing look care to the patients, and they want to move on providing the analogous service, and the hospital does not want to lose millions of dollars.The chairwoman and the members put one over inflexible to continue with the fissure by relocating the nurse to a non-patient area. The employee would thus far lead a bun in the oven a position in the hospital and receive the equal pay and work hours. This is a bust decision than terminating the nurse. afterward reviewing the options, this was the stovepipe solution for company aesculapian center on in continuing their temperament for the patients and residents in the area. This decision could take up a downfall, but I think with that the group make a outdo decision for this issue.If the members fixed to not make any changes with the nurse, the hospital would shake up confused million s of dollars, many powerful employees who make a struggle in the community. The president and the members make a decision and not every decision is the most desirable, but a group decision is break down than one decision. It takes effective communication, problem solving, and working(a) in a squad up to come up with the scoop up resolution. This case study showed how to bear effective communication at bottom an organization. It takes a squad to work in concert and utilize the decision making models.The staff of necessity to problem solve effectively, even if on that point is only a hold amount of time. The professorship inescapably to cast resolve communication, and have the ability in creation an active listener. The decisions that are make by team may not everlastingly be correct, but there are give out resolutions as a group than making decisions just from the President. When a President has a vision and a mission rehearsal, a company has a clear channel an d the employees will have a better judgement of the forethought for the organization. A mission statement is a great way to crystalise the intentions of a company.References Johnson, J. (2009). wellness organizations Theories, behavior, and development. capital of Massachusetts Jones and Bartlett. Kauffeld S, Lehmann-Willenbrock N. Meetings consequence cause of squad Meetings on Team and organizational Success. elflike throng query serial online. April 201243(2)130-158. obtainable from transmission line informant Elite, Ipswich, MA. Accessed April 2, 2013. Whats your advice for communicating in a crisis? (2010). discourse World, 27(4), 13-13. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com/docview/519657390? accountid=32521

Critically appraise the fiscal strategy of the UK Conservative-Liberal Essay

Critically appraise the fiscal strategy of the UK Conservative-Liberal Democrat Coalition government - Essay ExampleThere is no plausible, consistent, or convincing measure that has been established to oversee national recovery by the coalition government. As a corollary, this paper will endeavour to critically appraise the fiscal strategy of the UK Conservative-Liberal Democrat Coalition government. To come up with a comprehensive and detailed appraisal, it is essential to revisit the genesis of the current monetary woes in the UK and the rest of the world i.e. the global financial crisis.The first indicators of the global financial crisis were realized on August 2007. They developed progressively throughout the 2008. It was non until September/October 2008, that the full-blown effects of the crisis were realized. In this document, a succinct summary of the fiscal policy response strategies to the global financial crisis in the UK is granted. An emphasis is given to the changes i n those strategies after the shift of power from the Labour government to the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition. The Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition took fiscal austerity stance in a gaming to counter the financial woes in the UK. This was particularly evident in the emergency budget was produced months after the inauguration of the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition where public expenditure write up were projected and the declaration of a programme to eradicate the structural budget discrepancies for five years was made.In March 2008, the Treasury asserted that UKs the preservation was unwavering and flexible, was experiencing a steady growth, and that the country had the aptitude to deal with fiscal shocks swiftly and with minimum financial expenses (HM Treasury, 2008a 2). This self-satisfied stance changed in September/October 2008 when study financial effects of the global crisis started being experienced. The Labour government established a strategy aimed at enhancing the episodically

Topic of the week cultural diversity Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Topic of the week cultural diversity - Coursework ExampleToday, the same scenario exists, only the immigrants of today come some illegally and bring their drug trade, crime, and uneducated ways of life with them. There is current legislation to help reform this situation. Social Forces Influencing Immigration Policies Prior to dry land War I, there was a huge wave of immigrants arriving from predominantly European countries. This was good, in a way, because it provided the necessary laborers for the factories and various infrastructure projects America had under construction. They were chiefly young people able bodied, with a burning desire to have a bite of the American dream. They werent particularly educated, just eager to engineer their places and create a new life for themselves and their future families. With the development of steamship travel there was a possibility for greater numbers of immigrants to arrive at one time. This brought immigrants primarily to the eastern se acoasts. Urban areas quickly filled up with immigrants and put undue pressure on currently existing systems health care, education, and infrastructure.

Capital structure and payout policy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Capital structure and payout policy - Term Paper ExampleIntroduction Background Starbucks Corporation is an international beau monde that deals with coffee products, with its headquarters based in Seattle Washington, America. During its commencement in 1971, the company was a retailer and a local coffee roaster but it has since stretched out swiftly. It has Italian-style coffeehouse chain and it is the universe of discourses largest coffeehouse company, with presence in more than 60 countries and more than 20,000 stores (Starbucks Corporation 2011 3). It deals with coffee beans, salads, hot and cold drinks, hot and cold sandwiches, snacks, mugs and tumblers, and sweet pastries. In addition, Starbucks distributes some of its brand through grocery stores, including coffee and ice cream. Its other products include markets films, music, and books through the Hear Music and the Starbucks Entertainment division. Scores of the companys products are either location specific or seasonal. St arbucks most remarkable expansion, when it used to open new stores days on end, was in the mid-nineties till 2000s. The company started establishing oversees stores in 1990s and currently, roughly third of its stores are oversees (Starbucks 2). Identification of problem Starbucks mainly obtain its capital from equity and debt sources. However, the company must(prenominal) struggle to strike a good balance between equity and debt because, if it uses excessively much debt, then it may be obligated to pay too much interest and subject it to the risk of bankruptcy. Furthermore, such a scenario could limit its payout capability, hence keeping away investors, which again limits its shareholding capability. Therefore, it is important to analyze the companys capital structure, as it runaways a crucial role in regards to its dividend payout, risk of bankruptcy among other issues. Analysis of issues Capital structure means the manner in which a particular company combines its sources of c apital, which are used to finance its long-term assets, including debt and equity. Gearing or leverages is used to measure the proportion of the companys debt capital. However, the companys capital structure is affected by a number of factors, and the optimum financing mix should be its target. Difficulty, however, arises, in trying to establish the charter optimal capital structure, since this process is not a science. In order for Starbuck to establish its optimal capital structure, it has to give consideration to all the factors that are believed to play some crucial role in establishing an optimal mix. In addition, it is important to consider the fact that a trade-off between return and risk has a strong impact on the capital structure. In other words, this means that excessive debt entrust increase the companys earnings risk, though this will lead to higher potential returns. Furthermore, if the company maintains high debt capital, the stock price will decline due to the high er risk related to high aim of debts. On the other hand, the stock becomes more attractive to the investors, if it has a high potential of returns, which will again send the stocks prices upwards. As such, the optimal capital structure for Starbuck is the one that establishes a balance between return and risk, hence helping attain its overall goal of maximizing the prices of its stock. It is, therefore, very crucial for the management of Starbuck to ensure it maintains the lowest cost of capital and at the same time maximizes the shareholders wealth. Capital structure i

Graduation Rate in WV and Principal's Leadership Dissertation

get-go Rate in WV and Principals Leadership - Dissertation ExamplePrincipals with candid lead practices focus on the welfare of their students. Leadership is an important component of a schools performance. It is the set of behavioral patterns exhibited by the psyche in attainment of the schools goals. Good leadership can bring about a positive response from t from each oneers as well as students. more scholars have established the relationship between principals effective leadership and its impact on the students performance. The trends in educational leadership have changed. In the past the principal had an administrative role whereas these days he is more involved in improving learning of students. A principal with a legal leadership style will encourage teachers to employ different techniques to make students learn rather than let students drop out thereby increasing the graduation rate. Graduation Rate in West Virginia Graduation rate is defined by the percentage of studen ts who graduate from high school each year with a regular high school diploma (Gulbin, 2008. pp.84). The graduation rates are a means to measure how a school is performing. The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act passed in 2002 aims at achieving 100% results in reading and mathematics on a national level by the year 2014. According to the Alliance for Excellent Education (2009), 1.3 million High school students in the US drop out of school each year. This has alarming consequences on the society in the long run. High dropout rate means that lesser number of people will be qualified to do good jobs and this will reduce the number of Americans in key political as well as professional positions. It also has a lasting impact on economy as High school dropouts eventually become a burden on the society. The average income of a family headed by a dropout has decreased by one third from 1974 to 2004 (Postsecondary Education Opportunity, 2010). In the long run more people will live below povert y line if the current trends continue. The topic Center for Education Statistics (NCES) (2010) published the Digest of education statistics 2009 according to which the 8% of teenagers across the US were dropping out of school. The results in terms of races paint a shocking picture as about 15% of Native American Indians are either dropping out of schools or not enrolled in schools at all. The dropout rates have a correlation with family income, locality of the school, negative school climate and the leadership of the school. Graduation rate has implications on overall society as students who drop out find it harder to make a living and become a burden n the society. In West Virginia, 72% students graduated with a regular high school diploma in the year 2010-2011 as reported by Alliance for Excellent Education (Understanding High School Graduation Rates in West Virginia, n.d). The Americas Health Rankings, 2011 edition describes the high school graduation rate for the period 1990-20 11 (see Figure 1). Figure 1 West Virginia High School Graduation Rate (1990-2011) (Americas Health Rankings, 2011) As pointed out by the Institute for Educational Leadership (2000), learning is pendent upon leadership. Effective leadership in schools can bring down the dropout rates by improving the performance of students. The principal plays a mediating role between the teachers and students and has a direct as well as indirect effect on their achievements. The leadership

How the standards for ascertaining the truth differ between the new Essay

How the standards for ascertaining the truth differ between the new scientific views of the world and traditional medieval views - set about ExampleHow the standards for ascertaining the truth differ between the new scientific views of the world and traditional medieval views?Scientists often came up with different facts, conclusions and theories but when this happens, the process of scholarship helps in resolving these differences. Science is therefore viewed as valuable as the scientific methods and the scientific community can resolve any differences and come to a generally accepted conclusion because the overarching commitment of science is to the truth about the natural world.The medieval view of the world is establish on old traditions and apparitional doctrines. Traditions defined people and their culture while religious doctrines defined the way people lived in the society. Christians sought to integrate traditions with religion and the result was 1 God, one church and on e truth. These doctrines and traditions explained the world (Barret 12-13).All scientists are involved in the same enterprise of trying to explain how the world works. They believe in the scientific process of observation, experimentation and the development and evaluation of explanatory theories.The new scientific view seeks the absolute truth through scientific processes of observation and experimentation. It believes in the mankind of fixed and unalterable facts and these can only be reached after detailed scientific investigation. The medieval standards adapted the truth to match their predetermined views. To them truth was based on tradition and religious views that defined what was true.

Prototype Interface Design Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Prototype Interface Design - Coursework ExampleThe paper gives the details of a electronic network browsing interface that go forth improve and enhance users web browsing in three dimensions through automatically generating a mobile site for browsing, utilization of druthers sensor information to detect text to speech and natural interaction and offering a speech interface to simplify navigation and support repetitious tasks dialog programming. The nature of the interface that a cell hollo has can be an issue when the user finds it difficult and cannot accomplish a task effectively. User interface purpose refers to designing of the mobile hollo interface with the primary winding focus on ht users interaction and experience. The primary objective of designing a user interface is to come up with the interface that will ensure that the user interact with the device with a dance orchestra of simplicity and efficiency in regards to accomplishing a task. Designing a good interface entails ensuring that the interface enables the user to finish the task at hand without both ambiguity. Introduction According to Pew (2010), more that 80% of UK adult citizens has a mobile phone. More than 30 percent of these uses their mobile phones to access and browse the internet. The leading(a) market researcher projects a drastic increase of mobile phone internet users in the next five years. Although different web browser strike been standardized such that the user can access information on different platforms on the web, it has not been the case for some phones like unbranded minute format keyfob phone. A survy that was carried out on 20 unbranded gnomish format keyfob phone. The key contributing factor includes limited screen size, difficult navigation, fingers breadth issues and the ability to switch among different web locations. To facilitate a better user interaction and experience, web site developers have developed web site for mobile phones, which time-consu ming and pricy (Bigham, J et al, 2008). Though the web site can be customized to be used by mobile phone browsers, there some features which cannot be effectively displayed in some phone due to navigation difficulties and limited screen size. In addition, the mobile users switch between browsing and other activities. The fat finger problem still becomes an issue when the user is carrying out multiple tasks in the phone. The paper tries to assess the issues that the unbranded small format keyfob phone users face and come up with a prototype web browsing interface that will solve the issues in three dimensions. First, the appraisal of recreating a website for mobile phones is replaced by developing gadget based interface that automatically transform any web site to fit the mobile phone using the web content. Second, is to solve the issue of lack of focus on the screen or the buttons when walking or driving using audio-to-text mobile lore (Vadas et al 2006). A combination of orientat ion sensor information with text to speech is also proposed to support the need for mobile phone web browser context switching. Third, is a speech interface integration to support dialog programming for repetitive task and ease web navigation. I will design a mobile web browser that will integrate all the above solution for an unbranded small format keyfob phone. A survey on unbranded keyfob phone usage Apart from mobile web browsers, there are other applications that can be used to access

Collaboration and Peer Reviews Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Collaboration and Peer Reviews - Essay ExampleThere are disadvantages, however, such as sometimes having virtuosos ideas rejected or signifi flocktly altered before they are put on paper, and having to accommodate former(a) peoples schedules and life. One of the major advantages to collaborating on a project is that one gets a different set of expertise that hindquarters inform the urinate being done. Specialization is key in w wide variety of fields, because the amount of knowledge and experience in the world is exploding at a a lot greater rate than someone can actually keep up with it. Thus collaborating allows someone to access knowledge and expertise they may non other than have, which can provide different points of view, subtlety to an argument, or even correct errors that are made in the original judgement. Another benefits of collaborating on projects is having another individual to bounce ideas off of, that can be more critical than one usually is to ones self. someti mes other people can escort errors in thinking that another person cannot, and this help protect anyone collaborating on a project from accidentally publishing things that might not be entire when viewed critically. It is very, very difficult to be thoroughly critical about ones own ideas, so having another person who can do that can be incredibly helpful on a variety of levels. While collaboration has a number of advantages, it also has some disadvantages. Collaborating necessarily means compromise. Sometimes people will differ on where to put emphasis, or perhaps on even more major issues such as whether or not something is an argument that they should be making. Collaborating means that sometimes each persons ideas will be heavily edited before they get out, which can trio to somewhat less creative or outside the box thinking. Furthermore, collaborating takes a lot more time than working on something alone can one has to accommodate their collaborators schedule, life and so o n, so instead of just working when and how one wants, one has to sometimes wait for feedback, go all over things several times and so forth. Collaboration does have some disadvantages that detract from its overall advantages. One of the things I learned through suss outing my peers work is how much easier it is to discipline negative things in another persons work than ones own. After reviewing a peers work, I went back and looked for those identical issues in my own, and many of them were present. Furthermore, I learned that it is much easier to see what is done improperly (bad grammar, structure errors and so on) than to appreciate what is done well. One of the major advantages of having a peer review my paper was catching errors in logic or communication that I would not see. Obviously I created the ideas and arguments I use when musical composition a paper, so when I read it back to myself it always makes perfect sense I know what Im talking about. Another person, however, can only glean what your argument means from the writing you put on the page, so it can really highlight things that you have not communicated well enough, or that do not make sense without added detail. One of the disadvantages to having a peer review my work before I submit it is that sometimes having someone else review my work can

Teaching Listening Skill In Public High Schools In The Kingdom of Essay

Teaching Listening Skill In Public High Schools In The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia - Essay ExampleThis essay declares that listening comprehension is a process in which listeners take part in the role of discriminating between sounds, discernment grammatical structures and vocabulary, interpreting stress and intonation, and consequently interpreting the utterance within the context. It is not easy to master listening skill and for this reason most flake speech learners feel frustrated about it. This report makes a conclusion that all humans are born with an innate ability to hear, though, hearing is not listening. A number of factors must be considered to help second language students develop effective listening skill. Models of the listening process which include the bottom up, synergetic and top down are basic in teaching listening skills. Children gain the entire list of phonemes for the first language so easily aboriginal in the language acquisition process. This is, however, n ot the case with adults intending to learn a second language it is usually very problematic. When one is past puberty, the brain has already programmed all first language phonemes that it intends to recognize into fixed categories. Creating another set for the phonemes of second language is difficult. Second language speakers tend to assimilate the second language phonemes into their established first language system. It is for this reason that speakers find it challenging to distinguish between their native language and the second language.

Civil management is an important aspect in the success of organization Essay

Civil oversight is an important aspect in the success of organization - Essay poserIt is in this regard that this paper is written. Management of organization is becoming an increasingly daunting task in the contemporary times, this is due to the ever advancing pedigree world and business technology leading to ambiguity, uncertainty and complexities of organization. Effective internal charge of an organization demands that people and facilities in the organization are managed well. This introduces the concept of organizational behavior which involves how people within the organization react to changes, decisions and practices of focussing by managers. It is also important to have human skills in order to incorporate the views of former(a) people and manage them well this will also ensure that the people work towards a common goal within the organization (Pitsis, Clegg & Kornberger, 2011, p 29). Therefore, critical management is determined to harmonize the workplace, through ensu ring that the employees and facilities are managed well and working conditions improved. In order to ascertain this, managers need to rely on management theory and practice in order to deal with the uncertainties of organizations. These management theories and practices deal with construction of models based on observations, to try and manage business activities (Carr, 2000, pp. 210). In addition, the practices of management also deals real life experiences of the manager within an organization. This paper therefore seeks to critically evaluate the impact of uncertainty on how the organization is managed through ending leadership, structure, control, and empowerment. Additionally, the paper will demonstrate a critical understanding of management practice and theory, ability to identify and evaluate vital assumptions in the ideology of management, and tumble and evaluate organization and management theory and appraise the application of management theory in organizational contempor ary contexts. Uncertainties of organization Organizations are faced majorly by uncertainty challenges this impact on their production and performance levels. Uncertainty as an element in managing organizations involves risks and unpredictability of the organizations future events. This may admit surprises in employee performance which could either lead to losses or profits within the organization (Renn, Klinke & Asselt, 2011, pp. 3). As a newly recruited manager assigned the certificate of indebtedness of dealing with uncertainty, ambiguity, and complexity situations, one is expected to identify and evaluate the key assumptions of management ideology and apply the management and organization theory in discourse the concerns in the contemporary context. A junior manager is expected to use the box paradox, in order to come up with new management strategies that will ensure organizational growth and retain the identity and founding values of the organization (Clampitt & Williams 199 9, p 6). The junior manager will have to recollect outside the box and acknowledge the constraints of the organizational box in order to achieve growth and development of the organization and handle the complexity, ambiguity and uncertainty overriding in the organizatio

Read the case study below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Read the case study below - Essay ExampleThis in turn affects the motivational direct of customers, who are to be looking at the professional employee as an example of organizational leadership, but see only in the burnt-out employee an expression of fatalism or giving up, along with signs of frustration and even associated depressive symptoms such as wanting to sleep all the time. In other words, the average employee who has been in the profession for some time is often burnt out through emotional exhaustion, which may have occurred due to several factors. They will treat clients differently in this soil of burnout and they will have a reduced sense of accomplishment.The consideration for informal groups tidy sum aid in mentoring opportunities for Western Motels, to solve this motivation problem. A mentoring design blends together elements of environmental impact and interpersonal communication skills. It posits that the formulation of a mentor relationship can help a new maid akin this contextualize their own directions within a workplace amid competing issues by following the pattern of another individual. Mentoring can help new employees develop new skills. Often, the mentoring relationship can vastly benefit both parties. Employee motivation is a major problem in many organizations. Motivation should relate to individual needs. For instance, a staff fragment who enjoys collaborating with others may prefer team goals an independent worker will strive for individual objectives. (Messmer, 2005).It is true that personal identity and pride in the job should be given top priority in redesigning the position of hotel maid, so I would keep in mind that maids need their cognitive capacities served too they are not just manual laborers. If we remember that the cognitive capacities (perceptual, intellectual, learning) are a set of adjustive tools then it is clear that any danger to them, any deprivation or blocking of their free use, must

Civil Engineering Management Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

civilian Engineering Management Portfolio - Essay ExampleManagement is a leading science domain and routine in managing building companies. It is one of the oldest human activities it activates human abilities on building investment objects in order to ensure necessity for civil design purposes. It is good enough reason to take place in management development in civil engineering. As thither are too many definitions of management depending on an author, only the most important are offered, namely the most acceptable in civil engineering domain. Remarkable attention is given to managing tasks in civil engineering as well to their correlationsIf we speak about management in civil engineering thus the total quality management must be proposed. Total quality management is a business philosophy and accessible way of modern companies just about the whole world. It is the most contemporary idea of developing and advancing in all life and work domains. The growing urge of efficient use o f the earths resources such as land, air, water and raw materials as well as concentration on efficient design, analysis and maintenance of civil structures requires a better cleverness in the spatial and temporal patterns of resources and activities (Bean, A.L., 2007). In view of the fact that the parameters of civil engineering today are not only confined to design and expression of structures but due to globalization and privatization of civil engineering organizations now civil engineering emerges as a study, which not only pay attention on construction.... Inspection is the activity that assesses by measurement or testing whether an element has conformed to specifications. Corrective work is then ordered to rectify any non-conformance in the element. QC builds upon the brushup efforts and relies largely on statistical techniques to determine trends and detect problems in the processes. Such techniques are being used routinely in manufacturing. With respect to the constructi on industry, cover cube testing is one rare example. Both QA and TQM are focused on meeting customer requirements, and this is at the top of the agenda. It may be verbalize that if TQM is necessary for all businesses, it becomes more crucial and critical in case of civil engineering because structures and constructions are the phenomena afford no repetition or fiat after completion. In this way, civil engineering project management becomes a dynamic multi-dimensional and multi-pronged strategic field. (Pyzdek, Thomas, (2000) 1.1 Objective of the Study In general and widely espouse sense, civil engineers are considered to design and manage the construction of roads, railways, buildings, bridges, tunnels, dams, airports, water supply and sewage systems. They must have to look into several factors in the design influence from the production costs and expected lifetime of a project keeping in view the government policies and possible environmental hazards such as hurricanes and ear thquakes. Civil engineering, considered one of the oldest engineering disciplines, assimilates many specialties. The most common and crucial fields of civil engineering include structural, water resources, construction, transportation, and geotechnical engineering. (Bean, A.L., 2007) Most of the civil engineers hold administrative or supervisory

Personal reflective journal examining key positive psychological Essay

Personal reflective journal examining key positive psychological constructs - demonstrate ExampleEveryone wants to have the freedom to do the things they want to do, this is because everyone abides in the principle of pursuit of happiness. In happiness, humans find glory, peace and freedom. What does it need to be quick-witted? Does a person need to be rich? Strong? Influential? I believe it is more than that. There are those who have everything in life, in so far they are non happy. And there are those who could not eat three times a twenty-four hour period but are pretty satisfied with their lives. start out for example the people in Middle East, they are being threatened by wars every day. Death, starvation and fear are common elements of their day to day lives, but they could still manage to dream of a bright future for them and for their families (Burke, 1993). Whenever I hear success stories of people from Middle East in television, I realize that lifes problems could be overcome by aspiration and willingness to succeed.Its Tuesday already,prior to my critical point of realization I was less of an mine run person. There was nothing exciting in my life. I worked to eat, I ate to live and I lived because I had to. While it is true that humans mature as they grow, I thought that I was just going to stay psychologically and socially stunted for the rest of my life. I always wonder why soldiers direct to the most dangerous parts of the world still manage to laugh, play cards and drinks with their friends while on battle. Perhaps this is one of the tangible proofs that life is to the highest degree psychological mindset and perception towards the world (Harris, 1992, p.185).I write for a major newspaper in one of the most progressive cities in the world. My editor once said that I was one of the best writers she ever met, and that I would be a very successful author someday. I really could not tell whether she was lying or not. Well, I dont have the c apability to tell other peoples emotions, feelings and sentiments. I do not have that much friends. While my readers keep on

Catering for a variety of learners Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Catering for a variety of learners - Essay ExampleWith the tremendous tone of globalization it is seen that multilingual students exist all everywhere the world and this has created a subject for research. It is believed by many that these multilingual students are at a passing if they do not jump in the main(a) language which is being used in schools and universities. However this belief is denied by many when it comes to excellence and perfection. This bear witness would further analyze the works of Cummins and Clarkson in relation to these aspects (Cummins 2006 Clarkson 2006).Multilingual and Bilingual students are able to speak two or more languages which gives them an edge over others who can speak only one language. English is primarily used for educational curriculums and hence these multilingual students are encouraged to excel in that particularized language. In many schools English as a language is promoted for these multilingual students whereby their mother language is ignored. The teachers in these schools believe that English as a primary language is more important than other languages when it comes to studies. However this is denied by several researches done by Cummins and Clarkson. It is seen that Cummins in his researches is denying these beliefs and stating that it is necessary for students to learn all the languages and excel in them accordingly. According to his researches it is seen that students who have a grip on different languages are able to build up excellent rational critical techniques (Cummins 1979 Cummins 2006) These techniques help them to excel in education and further improve their base. Clarkson affirms this view by researching on Australian Vietnamese students and how their bilinguals help in developing their rationality of mind. Mathematics is a subject of thought and being bilingual helps these students to think even more. The research by Clarkson showed that students who had a grip on many languages showed more posi tivity when it came to analyze mathematics in the

Interactive computer prac5 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Interactive computer prac5 - Coursework ExampleScott, and William Buxton). Therefore they have ability to use their both hand with better performance that the right handers.f) From the obvious expectation, the approximately associated factors with IP were age, preferred hand, and hours per week using computers. IP is directly linked to somatogenic growth of specific muscles, muscular memory, and the frequency of operations per day, using pilfer (MacKenzie, I. Scott, and William Buxton).g) For definition of individual point of failure, my best choice was to use a grip exerciser and worked as long as the hand was refusing to respond to physical activity. The important muscle fatigue has been practiced after the 5th sequential set of working with grip exerciser until the total devastation of muscle power.It is obvious from the table given the trials gives a reason to be certain that accrued fatigue considerably drops the skill of the wrist to operate as necessary (Fitts & Peterson). To experience the comparable effect, we use a heavy overload by joint operations during day-to-day activities. The results are easily explainable by the inability plus of hand muscles react to the necessary operations because of the substantial load by exercises.It is evident that the fatigue affects the situation with performance to a greater extent considerably after 60% of load. Therefore the best drawn conclusion is that the performance can be enhanced if the preferred hand is more tangibly and physically established.k) The purpose of the taste below is to evaluate the level of impact that a pointing device can have on the performance. This was successful with the use of machine joystick, notebook touch-pad, and a setback can be used. The obtained results were as shown on the table belowIt was more evident on the results that an unusual pointing device decreases the IP. The more unusual the device is the more substantial the influence is. This is majorly based on motoric me mory of the hand muscles. When we use a

Group Development Essay Example for Free

Group Development EssayThe first symbolise is the forming arrange. During this stage, things atomic number 18 characterized by much uncertainty. There is uncertainty as to what the purpose of the conference is, what the structure of the crowd is, and who the idle wordsership of the group is expiration to be. Members of the group will ask to test the waters and try to determine how far they can go and what they can get away with during this stage of the group development process.The imprimatur stage is the storming stage. During this stage of group development, the members of the group accept the existence of the group but are against the restraints put on individual creativity. This can lead to serious problems if at that place is not some sort of compromise or agreement put in place on allowing individuals to be creative within the guidelines of the regurgitate.The third stage is the norming stage. During this stage, relationships among team members are becoming clos er and group cohesiveness is coming together. The group identity is really becoming clear. This stage is considered complete when the structure of the group is completely solidified and the members of the group have decided on what is considered proper behavior for members of the group. In my opinion, this is one of the most critical stages in group development.The fourth part stage is the performing stage. This stage of group development is really when things start to happen. Members of the team have fully accepted the structure and the team is working towards accomplishing the goals that were garment forth initially. The group has gone from getting to know each other to complete understanding and working on accomplishing thetask at hand.The fifth and final examination stage of group development is the adjourning stage. This is only true for groups that are temporary. Permanent work groups are finished after stage four. This stage is normally when the group finalizes and wraps u p the tasks that they have been asked to perform and then they go their separate ways. This stage is hopefully where the project is finalized and the group has been successful at accomplishing the goals that were initially set forth. worry IdentificationThere are deuce major problems that I see in this situation. The first problem that I see with this group is that there is going to be conflict of interests from each of the contrastive groups. Each of the groups have different agendas as to how to fully accomplish the goals of the project. This can lead to problems or possibly a severe conflict between one or more of the groups. This differing of opinions and attitudes by the groups could likewise possibly lead to an overall failure to achieve any of the objectives of the group.The second major problem that I see with this project is demographic diversity. There are such wide and varied demographics in the school district that this project is going to take place. There could be c onflicts that one demographic is being elevateed over another. There could also be problems that stem from this. If one demographic seems to think that another is being favored, then they could cause problems for the overall project and the goals of that project. Retrospective EvaluationThe solution for the first problem will be the easiest of the two problems. During the formation of the development group for this project, common goals need to be decided upon by the development team. These goals need to be approved by all of the different entities that have an interest in this project succeeding. There should be one major common goal for the project and all of the groups should agree to this goal. If they cannot agree to a common goal, then there really is no need to go forward with the project.The solution for the second problem is going to be a atomic harder to solve. I believe that a non-interested third party group should be brought in to oversee the project. This will allow for an impartial representative to make decisions and also to ensure that no one demographic group is being favored more than another. If one groups interests are being pushed and another group see this favoritism, it could lead to problems and thus an overall failure of the project. Therefore, a third party should be placed in charge and there should be no conflicts because they should not favor any one particular group. ReflectionThe project is all about making things better for the kids of this school district. This could lead to better educational opportunities for all entangled within the district. However, there are possible issues that need to be solved for this project to move forward and be a success. If these issues are addressed in the beginning then there should be resolutions and no problems should arise. This will allow a successful project and the enhancement of educational opportunities for the children of the school district.

The Value of Hennes & Mauritz Essay Example for Free

The Value of Hennes Mauritz EssayIn the last twelvemonth the military man economic recovery has come a long way. The Swedish saving has been at the forefront of that recovery and has showed impressive GDP growth. With still a dance orchestra of economic stress worldwide, mostly concerning national debt, it is still unclear if we have seen solely that the financial crises, culminated in the late 2008, has to offer. With this said, the last years high excitableness in the financial markets, leave behind have an impact on this dissertation. In almost all forms of paygrade, some input will always be historical, why the past extreme years will affect the valuation.The nonpluss that ar being used are the Dividend Discount deterrent example and Free Cash Flow To Firm. deuce of these valuation method has a couple of governing assumptions mainly the assumptions of no transaction cost, perfect information and perfect competition. In reality nvirtuoso of these assumptions is d egree centigrade percent accu roam. There exist transaction costs, everybody has not the aforesaid(prenominal) level of information, and there is evidence of not perfect competition. Nonetheless presentors use these models and assume that the assumptions cumber good enough for their purposes.This is Hennes MauritzHM (Hennes Mauritz) is a Swedish clothing gild headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden. The business idea is Fashion and Quality at the best Price. With 87 000 employers in forty countries and with revenues over 126 000 000 000 SEK it is the third largest chain store in the world. HM has over 2200 stores on four continents and their goal is to increase the number of stores with 10-15% per year and keep a high profitability and increase sales in comparable numbers. In 2010 HM opened 218 new stores and in 2011 250 new stores are planned to open1. HM is a family business founded in Vsters, Sweden, 1947 by Erling Persson2.Today Erling Perssons son, Stefan Persson, is chairman of the board and Stefan Perssons son, Karl-Johan Persson is chief executive. As a token of the success of HM Stefan Persson is now the second richest man in Sweden and thirteenth richest in the world, with 159 000 000 000 SEK in wealth3. In 2008 Financial Times announced HM as the most valuable brand in Europe4. In the upcoming years HM is planning to expand in Kina, USA and Great Britain. blush though they are first and foremost a clothing company HM is also active in home equipment, shoes and cosmetics5 HM rents all their storage space or set up stores as franchise. In UK, Germany, Sweden, Norway, The Netherlands, Finland, Denmark and Austria online shopping is available. All expansion and growth is financed by equity6.The PurposeThe purpose of this thesis is to establish the value of Hennes Mauritz. The valuation will eventuate in the conclusion if the stock is under- or overvalued. To arrive at this conclusion we will use two valuation methods Dividend Discount Model and The Free Cash Flow to Firm valuation method.2. Theoretical Framework2.1. The concepts of Value and Discounted Cash Flow valuation ahead we are getting into the theoretical aspects of our two valuation models, we are going to give a brief explanation about the concept of value for shareholders and discounted bills flow valuation. The most basic question one can ask about a valuation is What is Value? When talking about a companys performance there tends to be a focus on honorarium and revenues. But must two companies that have the exact same salary and revenues, over time, be worth equally?The answer to this question is no and the reason is that the cash flow may differ. Cash flow is the difference between earnings and invested capital. Even if earnings and revenues are the same, one of the companies may have to invest a lot more capital to gain the same earnings and revenues. This leads to a difference in cash flows between the companies. Value for shareholders is created when the c ompany generates cash flows at rates of return higher than the cost of capital. When this condition is effect a faster growth rate will create even more value. If the return on capital equals the cost of capital it doesnt occasion how fast the company grow, no value will be created. The conclusion is that managers main focus should be on improving cash flows because that is what creates value for shareholders. whatever action that doesnt increase cash flows doesnt create value. 7 In this thesis we are going to use the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) valuation in order to calculate the value of a company. DCF is built upon the concept that money has a time value. This means that the longer in the future one will receive a fixed amount of money the less it is worth. The reason is that if one receives the fixed amount immediately one can invest it and earn interest. In the DCF valuation the first step is to estimate all future cash flows. The second step is that the cash flows have to be change for the time value. Since the purpose is to find out how much the company is worth today, one has to discount the cash flow to its present value. The discount rate will reflect the riskiness of the estimated cash flows. The riskier the estimation is the higher discount rate should be used.2.2 Discounted Dividend ModelThe first method we are going to examine is the Discounted Dividend Model (DDM). The DDM uses earnings per share, discounted by the Cost of Equity to arrive at a value per share. The general version of the DDM8 looks like thisWhereE(DPSt)= Estimated dividend per share at time tke = the Cost of Equityt = time in yearsTo this general composition there exist several extensions. Some of these extensions are going to be examined below.2.2.1 One-stage/ Gordon Growth ModelAn extension to the formula above is the Gordon Growth Model I J JIThe principle is to take the expected dividend for the next year and discount it with the cost of equity minus the growth rate in div idends. An obvious restriction for the model is that the growth rate can never excel the cost of capital, since the stock price in that case becomes negative9. Due to the simplicity with a constant growth rate it is far from possible to apply this model on every firm. The model is best suited for firms growing at a rate equal to, or lowers than, the nominal growth in the economy and which have well established dividend payout policies that they intend to continue into the future10.Since this model only contains one single growth rate, it is called one-stage model. The assumption is that the firm continues to grow at the same rate to infinity. However, it is not likely that a firm can maintain a high growth forever. Sooner or later the growth rate will decrease and a more stable and lower growth rate will emerge. This limitation takes us to the next model, the Two-Stage model, which is an extension to the One-stage model.

Regulatory Effects on the Transportation Industry Essay Example for Free

Regulatory Effects on the Transportation Industry turn outEconomic make on freight and passenger servicesTransportation Management, to the government, is the agency perplexity of the movement of people and goods. That includes oversight of the sparing practices of the companies that per forge these services. The scotch aftermath of such(prenominal) ordination is complex.Service industries, which include the various forms of passage of freight and passengers, ar subject to a wide array of regulations. These regulations affect the economies of transportation services in differing ways. Regulations atomic number 18 imposed on these industries to achieve various social and sparing goals. Whether they achieve these aims is a sepa browse question. The most obvious effects of regulation are sparing.Well-crafted, appropriate regulations give the gate be an asset both to sedulousness and the consumer. They stack move resources toward soci bothy productive uses and away fro m negative ones. They can also ensure public arctic and foster competition. Over regulation, however, can suck in the opposite effect.Transportation, like any labor, is resistant to regulation. Evidence exists that shows the negative economic effects of regulation. Over regulation or regulations that are poorly written can unnecessarily stunt economic activity in situations where the free food marketplace could withdraw regulated more effectively. It is up to policy makers to find a balance that achieved social aims yet allows business to thrive.The freight transportation industry and the passenger transportation industry seduce some identical concerns about regulation. at that place are also regulations that are distinct to each industry therefore the economic effects will likely differ. Regulation can outgrowth in a higher cost of doing business which is passed down the line to consumers. This is true in both the freight and passenger sectors.The increased price to consu mers has a ripple effect on the economy on the whole. Each sector contains complex economies, though, in which the effects of regulation whitethorn non of all time be clear.Oversight-The mission, in generalFederal oversight of both the freight and passenger industries is managed by the superior general Services Administration. It is concerned with both regulatory cooperation and promoting the economic heath of the industries involved. The GSA works collaboratively with businesses to develop flexible regulatory policies and incentives.In both sectors, the GSA is working to smooth the process to electronic forms of transportation.The GSA is working to support the initiatives put forward in the Presidents Management Agenda (PMA). They include the expansion of electronic government, the integration of performance and budget, strategical management of human resources and improved financial performance.The Economic Theory of RegulationThe creation of governmental bodies to oversee and regulate certain industries has flyinged efforts to measure the effects of such regulation on the overall economy. In 1971, George Stigler proposed the Economic Theory of regulation, or ET, for short.This model measures regulatory effects on the supply chain, prices and costs, among other factors. Elements of this theory have been used to develop some of the more recent regulatory efforts. The model has since been revised.Critics of this model argue that it is successful for academic purposes, except is incomplete in an ever changing business environment. Comparing economic effects at a time between the freight and passenger transportation industries is difficult because of the differing nature of regulation. Creating regulations for these industries, or removing them, is a streamlet and error process.The Freight IndustryRegulation in the freight industry traditionally has stressed more on business structure than in the natural rubber and price conscious passer industry. As in passenger service, the trend in freight has been toward gradual deregulation.Monopolistic practices have been a concern, particularly in the linked States, since the beginnings of the modern transportation industry. The question is to whether assertive government regulation is better than the free markets alone for creating competition.The interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) was created after the Interstate Commerce Act was signed into law in 1887. This organization exercises broad regulatory powers over surface transportation industries. The ICC can not only examine place upon complaint, it can replace them with new rates.Many passenger and freight service companies protested, or tried to evade altogether, the reach of the ICC. Regulation introduced an unnecessary variable quantity into the theory of consumer behavior, they felt. If prices are not solely the function of demand and cost, the outcome for the business is unpredictable. Regulation, they feared, would also make market entry more difficult. Competition could be reduced and the consumer could suffer in the end.Early actions of the ICC benefited producers of raw materials and goods. At the same time, their actions hurt manufacturer and decreased national economic efficiency. Rate manipulation by the ICC prompted factories to locate closer to final markets in order to minimize transportation costs. Railroads also challenged the ICC in court or found ways around the regulations. as yet if it is not specifically quantifiable, it is obvious that regulations affected the economy. The reverse is also true. Changes in the overall economy have prompted changes in regulation. The Great Depression and its negative effect on the rail industry prompted the appointment of a Federal Transportation Coordinator and the passage of the Motor Carrier Act of 1935.A 1960 report by the unify States Senate highlighted the effect of over regulation of the freight industry. It stated that the railroads and other tra nsportation industries under direct federal official regulation were at a distinct economic disadvantage to those that were not.The rail industry, in particular, was unable to set competitive rates under ICC control. Meanwhile, the less regulated motor carrier industry prospered. As that industry became more regulated, efficiency began to drop. In response, deregulation of both industries began in the late 1970s and early 1980s.As carriers were allowed to eliminate unprofitable activities and set their prices based on demand, revenue and investment increased. In the mid-1980s, the ICC was replaced by the Surface Transportation Board, a regulatory agency that is reduced in size and scope.Todays oversight of the industry has changed in nature. Security and safety concerns are paramount after the events of 9/11. Freight carriers are incurring more expenses for auspices either directly because of regulation or on their own. These costs are passed down the line to consumers.The question has arisen as to whether economic reregulation is necessary as the number of railroad companies shrinks. It appears as if that is not likely in the short term. As long as the motor carrier industry is competitive, it will serve to hold rail rates down. Market entry, however, is more difficult for railways. Opening that market may be a goal of future regulation.Security has become a primary focus of government regulation. There is a great deal of pressure for companies to do more thorough screening of cargo and implement more stringent security practices. This will inevitably increase cost to both the industry and consumers.The shipping industry is inherently international. Many laws exist, to protect domestic carriers and to ensure safety and security. Domestically, all goods must travel on approved U.S. flag vessels. Separate restrictions apply for HAZMAT or classified materials.For all shipments, the shipper must check for any contracts or rate tenders that may apply. In selecti ng a provider, the shipper must demonstrate no preferential treatment toward any one provider. Insurance may also be required. Incentives may exist for selecting a provider that uses alternative fuels. In that sense, regulation indirectly benefits the alternative fuel industry.The government can mandate that certain international shipments be performed by a U.S. flag carrier. Cargo preference laws regulate the international shipment of property by water. In this situation, a U.S. flag carrier must be used whenever available. Waivers can be obtained, but they must be approved in advance. The Maritime Commission is the agency that monitors compliance to these and other laws.These laws, and similar ones by other countries, limit the amount of competition and may affect the efficiency of domestic businesses.The Passenger IndustryAir travel is the most touristed non-automotive mode of travel in the world. In recent years there has been a drive toward deregulating the industry. Service a greements have been liberalized, especially in the fall in States. Open Skies agreements loosen restrictions on market entry and variantport usage between the U.S. and other countries.Price and route scheduling in the air industry are for the most part deregulated but other parts of the industry are not. Deregulation of the air industry began in 1979. Since then, there has been vast fruit in the industry. Competition has also increased, allaying the fears of some that monopolies would develop.Prices, adjusted for inflation, have also fallen since the 1980s in the United States. They have remained constant in Canada and other more regulated economies. Competition has not benefited every consumer but, on average, it has had a positive effect. Demand has increased to an all-time high, even as airlines continue to recoup from the effects of 9/11.The basic structure of the airlines has changed since deregulation. Most airlines have instituted a hub and spoke system in which a travele r can travel efficiently through hub cities to their destination. This also allows airlines a more cost-efficient organization of their fleet. As airlines eliminated non-profitable destinations, other specialty carriers have moved in to meet demand in those cities.A significant amount of study has been done on the economic effect of regulation on the airline industry. It should be noted that determining study cause and effect is not a straightforward process. Prices and industry efficiency are dependent on regulation and a multitude of other factors. pay fluctuate wildly in passenger industries. A deregulated environment is effective for such industries because the fluctuations attract new investment and can actually facilitate market entry.The airline industry is inherently global, and regulation has global effects. In this sense, the passenger industry has to deal with economic realities that most surface freight industries do not. For example, United States regulations allow Ca nadian airlines to land or pick up at U.S. airports. They cannot, however, have both ends of the flight within the U.S.This reduces competition because Canadian air cannot form a complete hub and spoke system to efficiently serve passengers. This may have the end result of raising prices for consumers in certain markets, or, it may prompt other airlines to enter in order to serve that market. In this regard, the effect of regulation is somewhat uneven and unpredictable.Another source of regulation fro the passenger industry is the issue of foreign ownership. Theoretically, allowing foreign ownership of U.S. airlines could create more competition and lower prices. However, officials fear that allowing foreign ownership could create a situation where airlines are less accountable to regulatory power.An emerging focus of regulation in the passenger industry is security. Many new measures affecting airlines, airports and surface carriers are in the process of being implemented. The econ omic effect of these measures has not been studied and is not yet well k flatn. Some of the expense is being absorbed by the federal government, such as in the case of the federalization of airport screeners.In the passenger ship industry, restrictions are fewer regarding international ownership and usage of U.S. ports. There is pressure on congress, however to provide greater oversight of this industry. It is unclear at this point if regulation will increase and what effect it will have on the economy of that industry.Deregulation Theory and the CriticsIn the passenger service industry, the seemingly successful deregulation of the airlines has prompted deregulation efforts in other sectors. The theory can buoy deregulation is simply that free markets work. Free markets will solve most of the problems that regulation seeks to remedy, as long as there is a competitive market. Demand, or lack of it, will control prices and force healthy competition.The Herfindahl index is a measure o f industry concentration in certain markets. Proponents of deregulation in the air industry, for instance, cite that the Herfindahl has remained relatively stable since the initial shake-out of firms after the 1979 deregulation. In other words, competition is healthy and the consumer is being served at reasonable prices.Some of the effects that critics feared have apparently not come to pass. In the airline industry, research shows no significant decline in safety levels, and no decreases in service to littler communities sine deregulation. Past experience shows that there is a negative linkage between regulation, market structure and service.There are some concentrated markets, proponents concede, but this is not necessarily bad. Some concentration allows the airlines to create bigger, more complete networks that serve more consumers.Regulation in both the freight and passenger industries now focuses away from business structure and price control. Regulations are more directed towa rd safety and security issues. Oversight in the freight industry shut away has a somewhat wider scope.Deregulation is not without its critics. Some point to the power industry as an example of deregulation gone too far. In the wake of deregulation, colossal entrepreneurial companies such as Enron surfaced. Monopolistic practices were ushered in, and ultimately the needs of the consumers were not fulfilled.Deregulation proponents in the transportation industry, however, do not see this as a relevant example. The corruption at Enron was not created by deregulation, and economic factors in transportation are not the same.ConclusionsThe economic effects of regulation on both the freight and passenger service industries are many and varied. Difficulties exist in quantifying exact effects. Government attempts to regulate price, in particular have not always produced the intended result.The lack of knowledge on exact economic effects of regulation can be improved upon. More comprehensive studies can be under fool awayn in future years to clarify how these restrictions help or hurt the economy. Sophisticated technology is in development that can replicate various scenarios, a tool officials need before attempting to write policy.Regulations on transportation affect not only the transportation industry itself, but also any company that uses that industry. It is estimated that for the average company, transportation accounts for 3% to 7% of the total company costs. Therefore, regulation can have a significant effect on the economy as a whole.For the individual business, regulation can have ripple effects that influence inventory control, warehousing, accounting, customer service and a host of other area. It is not necessarily a negative effect, though. Efficient business combined with well thought out policy can provide a positive result for the economy.The way business is conducted is undergoing a rapid overhaul. New technologies are being introduced at a blinding p ace. Future regulatory efforts will have to take this into account. A well-intentioned regulatory action could have the effect of slowing down a business in a climate where fastest is best.The safety and security measures that are necessary in the 21st century will inevitably have an economic effect. The money, however, is well spent. In future years, companies with good form records on security and safety will reap the financial benefits.For the freight and passenger industries, the trend has been toward deregulation in the economic sphere. The government will still take action if it perceives that there is a constraint on competition. It still holds veto power over large mergers, for example.Comparison of the economic effects of regulation between the passenger and freight industries suggests that a limited regime of regulation is necessary for safety and, to a lesser extent, for the economic health of the industries themselves.There are different regulatory focuses for each indu stry. What they all share is that they all produce a ripple effect that branches out to all sectors of the business, the consumer, and the larger economy. That effect can be negative, or, with well written policy, it can be positive.